pakistan railway

PAKISTAN RAILWAY;
Rail services in pakistan are provided by the state run pakistan under the supervision of the ministry of railway the headquarter situated at lahore.It sis commonly referred to as the life line of the country by aiding in large scale movement of people and freight throughout pakistan.Pakistan railways carry 75 million passengers annually and daily operate 228 mail, express and passenger trains.Pakistan railyways also operate special trains for various occasions.The fregiht busniess unit with 12000 personal operates over 200 freight stations on the railway network.The FBU serves the port of karachi and port qasim as well as in various other stations along the network and generates revenue from the movement of agricultural industrial and imported products such as wheat,coal,fertilizer,cement, and sugar.About 39% of the revenue is generated from the transportation of petroleum 19% from the imported wheat,fertilizer, and rock phosphate.The remaining 42% is earned from domestic traffic.The freight rates structure is based on market trends in road transport which is the main competitior to rail transport...

motorways of Pakistan

Motor ways of Pakistan:
Pakistan's motorways are part of Pakistan's national trade carridor project,which aims to link Pakistan's three Arabian Arabian Sea ports Karachi port port qasim and gwadar port to the rest of the country and further north with Afghanistan central Asia and China.
The Motorways of Pakistan are a network of high speed limited access or controlled access highways in Pakistan's which are owned maintained and operated federally by Pakistan's national highway authority.
Total length:As of December 2011 operational motorways in Pakistan's had a combined length of 679.5 km with another 278 km construction. Another 1,200 km of motorways and expressways are planned. Over the next 10 years 2022.
Silent features of motorways:
Lanes. Either 6 lanes with all 4 lanes motorways up gradable to 6 lanes as traffic on them increases.
Speed limit. 100 km/h for heavy transport vehicles and 120 km/h for light transport vehicles.
Separation limit. Pakistan's motorways have a UN broken central raised concrete median and grade separated junctions.
Access. Access to Pakistan motorways is restricted to fast moving vehicle only, including high performance heavy bikes. Pedestrian, bicycle, low performance motorcycle, animal driven carriages and other slow moving vehicle are not permitted on the motorways.
Fence covering. The motorways are fenced on either side for safety and prevention of unauthorized access by pedestrians, animals and slow moving vehicles.
Entry. There are a no of interchange points are the only points from where vehicles can enter or exit the. Motorway. These controlled interchange points are the only points from the where vehicle can enter exit the motorway.
Numbering. All motorway in Pakistan are pre fixed with the letter M for motorway followed by the unique numerical designations of the specific motorways..
The M-1 motorway Peshawar- Islamabad and the M-2 motorways Islamabad- Lahore each include two emergency runway section of 9,000 ft,length each.
Import motorways: 
M-1 Islamabad Peshawar motorway.     135km long.
M-2 Lahore Islamabad motorway.      333km long.
The first motorway to be built in South Asia.
M-3 pindi battian Faisalabad. 54 km long.
M-9 super high way not yet in status.        138 km.long.
M-10 Karachi northern bypass.        57km long
The M-10 is the second shortest motorways in Pakistan's the shortest being M-3
The M-10 is actually a bypass diverging outbound traffic away from the Karachi and is the only by pass in Pakistan given the status of a motor way.
M-10 is Pakistan longest bypaas.
International Road Movement passengers:
Quetta Zahidan, Quetta mashad, gwadar zahidan. Iran.
Peshawar jalabad, Peshawar Kabul. Afghanistan.
Lahore Delhi muzaffarabad Srinagar. India...!!!! 

makran coastal highway

MAKRAN COASTAL HIGHWAYS;
Makran coastal highways is a 653 km-long coastal highway was awarded along pakistan's arabian sea coastline.It runs primarily through balochistan between karachi and gwadar passing near the port towns of omara and pasni.
The construction contract for the makran coastal highways was awarded to pakistan's frontier works organization FWO, which built the karakoram highways.
Construction work pn the makran coastal highway project commenced in 2002 and was completed by 14 december 2004 in a period of three years.
The official and technical designation of the makran coastal highway is N-10.
The makran coastal highways was conceived and built by the goverment of pakistan with the following objectives.
to developinfrastructure  and boost economic activity in the areas along pakistan's coastline
to improve the transportation and communications infrastructure in balochistan province.
to developed the coastal towns of ormara pasniand gwadar into major port cities.
to link ormara and pasni and gwadar with the rest of pakistan's national highways network
to developed the seafood industry along paksitan's coastline by reducing the ttime and costs involved in tranporting fresh seafood from seafood catchment areas to major cities in pakistan as well as export processing zones in karachi and gwadar.
STRATEGIC HIGHWAYS;
A strategic highways is a highways which is specially constructed for rapid and smooth movement ofarm forces and logistics.
STRATEGIC HIGHWAYS OF PAKSITAN;
S-1 extends from gilgit to skardu
S-2 extends from kohala to muzzaffarabad
S-3 extends from muzzaffarabad to chakothi

highways

MAJOR HIGHWAYS;
N-5 pakisyan highways     the longest and oldest high ways of pakistan
route         karachi, lahore, peshawar, torkham
the lahore peshawar section is known as GT or grand trunk road.
total length of n-5 1819 km1021 in punjab 671 km in sindh and 127 km in kpk.
N-55 indus highway total length 1,250 km designed to provide a shorter alternative to the n-5 national highway of 1,819 km 
karachi to peshawar via kotri, shikarpur,dera ghazi khan, and kohat
N-10 extends along  the arabian seacoat from karachi to gwadar also known as makran coastal highways.Total length =653km
N-25 extends from karachi to chaman via bela, khuzdar, kalat, and quetta.
also known as RCD highways.Total length =813 km
N-35 karakoram highway is the historic silk route with a length of 806 km
KARAKORAM HIGHWAYS;

KKH is the highest paved international road in the world.It connects china and pakistan across the karakoram mountain range through the khunjerab pass at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft.It connects china's xinjiang region with the pakistan gilgit baltistan and also serves as a popular tourist attraction.Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions in which it was constructed it also referred to as the eight wonder of the world within china officially it is called china national highway G314.Owing largely to the extremly sensitive state of the kashmir conflict between india and pakistan the karakoram highway has strategic and military importance......

transport

ROADS IN PAKISTAN;
Total length of roads in pakistan.        259,618 Kms
high type;                     179290 Kms
low type                         80328 Kms
total length of highways          8845 Km  17 national highways
total lengthof motorways          2744 Km 10 motor ways.

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS OF PAKISTAN;
Pakistan's has a nation wide system of national high ways district from the motorways which are currently being built.The national for manging 17 national highways 10 motorways and all the strageic roads.The speed limit on the national highways is 80 kilometers/hours.
National highways often begin with the letter N followed by two numerals, e.g. N-55.
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY;NHA
In 1978 goverment of pakistan GoP decided to federalize important inter provincial roads named national highways and created the national highways board.for monitoring the development and maintenance of these federalize roadsby provincial highways of departments.
The national highways authority NHA was created in 1991 through an act of the parliament for planning development opreation repair and maintenance of national highways and strategic roads.It is commited to provide a safe modern and efficent transportation system.Total length of the federalized roads under NHA now stands at 8780KMs account for 3% of the entire road network and 75% of the coomercial road traffic in the country.
NHA is custodian  of the highway assets  of paksitan's road network.It is the primer road managment and regulatory agency responsible for managing 17 national highways 10 motorways and all the stragic roads of pakistan.The main difference between the two is that unlike motorways national highways are not controlled access or limited access.The national highways authority NHA enables firms currently opreating on the system to ship goods more cheaply as trucks can reach destinatios without major delays and to improve service as delivery schedules become more reliable.Subsequently more timely and reliable deliveries allow firm located on or near the national highway routes to minimize their stationary inventories thereby saving inventory and storage costs and enhancing productivity.Collectively this translates into higher productivity.Collectively thid translates into higher productivity for the nation as a whole.....

transportation

TRANSPORTATION IN PAKISTAN;
Transportation in pakistan is extensive and varied but still in its developing stages and serving a population of over 187 million people.The construction of new airports, roads, and railway lines has led to an employment boost in country.Much of pakistan's road network National Highways and railway network were built before 1947,mainly during the british rule.In recent years new national highways have been built with the addition of motorways which has accelerated trade and logistics within the country.Airports and seaports have been built within the last 30 years with the addition of foregin and domesstic funding.
A region's industrial and employment base is closely tied to the quality of the transportation system.Good,dependable transportation infrastructure allows busniess to recive inputs to production facilities and transport finished goods to market in an efficient manner.An efficent transportation systems allows companies to lower transportation costs,which lowers production costs and enhances productivity and profits.The transport sector accounts for 10.5% of pakistan's  GDP.
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION IN PAKISTAN;
1.In land rail and road 
2. water.and 
3. air

IN LAND;
rail
domestic
international
road
domestic 
international.
WATER;
international
AIR;
domestic
international
THE ROLE OF ROADS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN;
Roads are vital links to transport pepole and goods efficently to the desired destination in the most conveninent way.
Roads serve as regional markets promoting and internal and external trade by linking  karachi port to large inland markets.
Roadsd serve major population centre international border crossing ports airports and major destination..
Roads promote industrial growth by suppling raw material to the industriesand manufactured goods to the markets.They allow the development of industrial estates on its routes.
Roads provide faster safe and economical meansof transport to people with out difficulty and travel easily.
Roads enhance socual welfare of the people by providing them basic amenities of life in the most convenient way.
Perishable and high value goods can be carried easily on roads without any difficulty or inconvenience.......

industries

THE USA; 
The rise of the steel industry in the united states drove america's  growth as a world economic power.Although iron works had been established in the north american colonies shortly after european settelment began,it wasn't until the 19th century when technological advances decerease the cost and increased the quality that steel manufacturing became a dominant industry.
With the abundant iron ore deposits around lake superior the rich coal veins of pennsylvania and the easy access to cheap water transportation routes on the great lakes the midwest became the centre of american heavy industry.In years after the civil war the  american steel industry grew with astonishing speed as th nation's economy expanded to becomethe largest in the world.
MAJOR AREAS:
pittsburgh regions.It is the iron and steel capital of the world.
lake michigan region here chicago is the centre of industries.
briminham region,for this region iron ore is imported from  venezuela.
the mid atlantic region.For this region ore is imported from venezuela,brazil,chile,spain,liberia, and north africa.
the western states.Here the main the industry is shipbuilding.....

availability of water and large tracts of land

AVAILABILITY OF WATER AND LARGE TRACTS OF LAND;
Water is required for cooling and washing.Thus the neaness to a river lake or s coastal site has necessary for the industry .Large tracts of level land are also necessary for the iron and steel work as the various operation connected with the production of iron and steel cannot be carried on in a limited area.For example the steel mill of karachi covers an area of 18,623 acres of land.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITY;
Easy transport is required for moving bulky and cheap raw materials such as iron,ore,coal and limestone and for moving out the heavy manufactured good.
MARKET;
The producers of the iron and steel industry are the raw material for a number of subsidiary industries such as machine tools.Railway  equipments engineering  goods electrical goods and transport equipments etc.For the development of iron and steel industry subsidiary idustries are essential.
Energy/power; chapter-07unit-01 Coastal location; chapter-07 unit-01.
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION;
Iron production is predominately in asia australiasia and north america.China had a production of 683million tons and japan's is 108 million tons.The US produces 86 million tons for others see the table.
The main producers are MEDCs but there is an increasing number of LEDCs e.g. china,india and brazil.This is due to cheap labour and more modern efficient factories.Markets are moving to LEDCs so factories are built nearer to them..
CHINA;
China has been the largest steel industries in the world driven by increasing demands for rapid urbanization and many large scale infrastructure project.In 2007 the country produced 495.
Millions tons of crude steel,recording a production growth of 15.7% from the previous year while the chinese consumption of crude steel reached 434.4 million tons rising by 11.9% from the previous year.
Raw material production in china recorded a 2% increase over a period of 110 years.In 2012 china's steel production is expected to touch715 million tons.Despite production production cuts,slackening demand and rising stock china's output for 2012 is expected to be 5.2% up to from 2011.

soils

CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS OF PAKISTAN;
It is aldo true that pakistan's soil can be classified regionally or according to where it is a formed is the country.From that persepective there are the folliowing soil types,
INDUS BASIN SOILS;
The indus plain is made with the depositions of alluvium by the indus river and its tributaries.For the last thoushands of years rivers have been depositing the soil in the form of layers.These soils here more calcium carbonate and less organic matter.These soils are divided into three main categories.
BONGAR SOIL;
These soils are found in the historic indus plain and are the best soils for agriculture in the
 country.Usually they're far from the present day bed of the indus river.
Bongar soils cover a vast area of indus plain.The area includes most of the part of punjab, peshawar,mardan, bannu, and kachhi plain.A major part of the  provinces of sindh is also comprised of these soils.Some of these soils are rich and irrigated give very good production...
KHADDAR SOIL;
This soil found along pakistan's rivers.It formed when every year during flood a new layer of totally clay was deposited.These soils have low content of organic matter and it...
INDUS DELTA SOILS;
These soils cover the river indus delta.Most of these soils are very clayey and were developed under seasonal floodwater.They extend from hyderabad to the south coastal areas.Rice is cultivated as in the major part of these soils.
MOUNTAIN SOILS;
These soils mostly cover the highlands of northern and westernareas of pakistan.The soil of northern mountainous area have high content of organic matters becuase the climate is moist.The soil of western mountainous areas is arid and semi arid.The soil of potwar plateau have high lime content.They are productive when plenty of water is available.
SANDY DESERT SOILS;
These soils are made by the deposition of sand layer by layer after year for thoushands of years.They're found in the arid abd semi arid areas of pakistan.......

lumbering

LUMBERING IN THE FOREST ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA;
Depsite the long active exploitation of the forest on the pacific coast lumbbering is still the outstanding industry of northwestern United States and western canada.The pacific forest contain some on the finest and most useful timbers in the world and are now the leading source of supply for the united states and canada.North of san francisco they cover tremendous area on the slopes of the coast ranges sierra nevda's and cascades and extend as far north has central alaska.A significant advantages of these forest lies in their manner of occurence in thick growing almost pure stands.Valuable species are coniferous softwoods,including the majeistic. Douglas fir which reaches a diameter of 6 feet or more and a height of more than 260 feet.Its strong  durable word of medium weight it to all kinds of constructions.
Methods of logging depend to considerable extent upon the chracter of the timber and climate and physiographic conditions.Logs are skidded to main roadways or railways lines.Nearbly all mills have access to road and rail as well as water transportation.Becuase of the indented coastlined much valuable timber is within a distance of few km of coastal mills...

LUMBERING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS;
In the region of rocky mountains in canada the united states and their southern extensions in  mexico there are forest of considerable importance.Lumbermen in these forest use all the logging methods employed in the pacific area and in addition various transportation from seemingly inaccessible places.An active market is furnished by the farming population of adjacent plains and plateaus.

LUMBERING IN THE TEMPERATURE FORESTS OF EURASIA;SOFT WOOD FOREST:
Except for coastal marshes and highh moorlands most of europe north of the mediterranean sloped is naturally a forest region.But much of the original forest was cut long ago.As they grow faster than hardwoods, coniferous forest have received much attention.Germany,france, belgium, and denmark are leaders in caring for their forests.Forests in many of these countries are so carefully supervised to prevent excessive cutting that most sawmills are small compared with those in pacific coast forests.These mills reduce wood as much as possible though these forests yield abundant materials under proper utilization import forest products from adjacent areas especially northern europe.

TROPICAL HARD WOODS EQUATORIAL EVERGREEN AND MONSOON FORESTS;
These forests are generally found in the tropical monsoon and equatorial regions of the world.They are ever green bread leaved trees grown in the areas where there is no dry season and heavy rainfalls throught out the year.Due to extremes heat and moisture the growth is dense and luxuriant.Where rainfall is less deciduous forests teak and sail type trees are found some if them are highly valuable......

forest resources

FOREST RESOURCES;

Natural vegetation has been central in human.Becuase it,provides ecosystem services for climate range and forage wildlife habitat,biotic diversity, waershed protection, soil erosion control etc.

The need for greater food production has led to a massive increase in cropland.By early 2010's almost 40 percent of earth's land surface had been converted to croplands and permenant pastures.This conversion has occured largely at the expense of natural vegetation.

NATURAL VEGTATION OF PAKKISTAN;

In pakistan the following vegetation types are reconized.

1. Grassland

2. Desert vegetation

3.Forests.

Of the four forests cover percentage group >70%, 40-69%, 10-39%, 0-9% pakistan lies in the last category;0-9%. Between 1981 and 1990 there had been a 4.3% decrease in forest areas of the tropical asia and oceania which pakistan is a part of.During the same period 0.6% deforestation had been occuring each year. This is an alarming situation and needs to be stopped and then reserved, if possible.

Total forest area under the control of the forest departments including azad kashmir and the northern area is 4.26 million hectares.The per capita forest area is only 0.037 ha compered to the world average of ONE ha.Main reason for this is that more than 70% land area of pakistan is arid and semi-arid with annual rainfall of 250-500 mm; too low and erratic to sustain natural vegetation and to plan afforestation/regeneration progammes.

OF 4.26 million hectares of forest area only 1.12 million hectares 26.3% produce timber and firewood the rest are meant to protect the watershed and erodible lands.

Besides forests the forest departments also control 6.4 million hectaresof rangelands.In fact there are about 51.3million hectares of rangelands in pakistan.These ranges provide sustenance to livesstock population of about 98.6 millions.Being under incessant grazing pressure these land are producing harldy 10-15% of their actual pote,ial iver grazing has intensified the problems of desertification resulting in accelerated soil erosion and degradation of plant communities.

Present the forest area by type and rangelands in pakistan including azad kashmir and the northern areas.......

river

THE TRIPAL PROJECT;
The upper jehlum, the chenab, and the lower bari doab canals from the triple project which was designedto carry surplus water from the jehlum to the chenab and the from the chenab to the ravi.
There are three major groups of canal system
1.canal system on upper indus trbutaries.
2.canal system on the indus .
3.canal system on the right bank west of the indus.


CANAL SYSTEM ON UPPER INDUS TRIBUTARIES;
The principal canal system are,
FROM JEHLUM RIVER;\
Upper jehlum canal which starts from mangla joins the chenab at kankito give its surplus water to the lower chenab canal.
the lower jehlum canal which starts from rasul barrage gujrat and irrigates the major part of the lower chaj doab and helpto produce good crops of wheat.
FROM CHENAB RIVER;/
The upper chenab cnal starting  from marala and joining at the ravinear bolloki to supplement the water supply of the lower bari doab canal.
The lower chenab canal flows from the khanki barrage and irrigates the lower rachna doab and help to produce wheat and cotton.
The haveli system of canal from the trimmu barrage below the junction of the chenab and jhelum.
FROM RAVI RIVER;
The upper bari doab canal which beings in madhopur india irrigating mainly the indian ounjab with only its lahore branch reaching pakistan.\
The lower bari doab canal from the balloki barrage to irrigate the lower part of the bari doab which is famous for cotton cultivation.
the sidhnai canals from the left bank of the ravi at sidhani.
FROM SUTLEJ RIVER;
The sutlej valley project in whicch canals depart from the river gandas in ghawala sulaimanke islam and below the junction to the sutlej with the chenab at punjnad.....

barrages

SUKKUR BARRAGE;
The sukkur barrage is a barrage across the indus river near sukkur.It was built during the british rule from 1932 to 1932 as the lliyd barrage to help alleviate farmines caused by lack of rain.The barrage enables water to flow through a 9900 km long network of canals feeding the largest irrigation system in the world with more than 5 million acres 20,000 km of irrigated land.The retraining wall has sixty six spans each 60 feet wide each span has a gate which weights 50 tons.

KOTRI BARRAGE;
The kotri barrage near hyderabad is 915 meters 3,000ft long and provides additional supplies for karachi.Kotri being the major fishing centers all in the lower sindh course.But damming abd irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity..
Kotri barrage is the last barrage on river indus as after this barrage the indus river goes to arabian sea through its delta.
there are total 4 canals which take off from kotri barrage.
I is from right bank of the river named as kalri canal
while 3 are from the left side of the barrage named as a/ linned canal, b/ fulei canal, c/ pinyari canal......

DAMS;
A dams is a  natural or artificial lake or large tank used for collecting and storing water especially for community water supplies or irrigation and for generating hydel power.

DAMS IN PAKISTAN;
Three main dams multi purpose projects mangla, tarbela, and warsak were constructed for the purpose of generating electricity storage and irrigating agriculture land.
TARBELA DAM;
The world's largest earth filled dam on one of the world most important river's the indus is 50 km from islamabad at tarbela near swwabi.The main dam wall built of earth and rock filled streches 2.743 meters 8,999 ft from the island to the right bank of the river standling 148 meters 486ft high.The dam was completed in april 1976 at a cost of rs.18.5 billion.Over 15,000 pakistani and 800 foregin workers and engineers worked during its construction. Its is the biggest hydel power stations in pakistan having in a capacity of generating 3,478 MW of electricity.Its reservior is 97 km long with a depth of 137 meters while total area of the lake is 260 Sq Km. The  dam and power house can be visited after acquiring permits from the water and power development authority WAPDA along with a no objection certificate NOC from the ministry of interior.
MANGLA DAM;
The mangla dam on the river jehlum is one of the longest earth filled dams in the world.The indus basin treaty of 1960 with india paved the way for its construction.World's third largest earth filled dam is only 115 km south east of rawalpindi.One has to turn left from dina town and the dam on river jehlum is about 14km to the east.The dam is 3,353 meters 11,000 ft long and 116 meters high above the river bed with a crest elevation of 1,234feet...

soil

SOIL;
Soil is the upper layer of the earth that may be dug or ploughed and in which plants grow. "or".
The upper layer of the earth which is composed of different thin rock particles is helpful in the growth of vegetation and  plants that is called soil.
The soil science society of pakistan SSP works to advance the displine and practice of soil science by acquiring and dissminating information about soils in relation to crop production, enviroment quality ecosystem sustainability bioremediation waste management and recycling.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF SOIL; 
Soil has been three basic components.
1.Solid particles like salt ,minerals and organic matter.
2.Air.
3.Water.
PARENT MATERIAL;
The soils of pakistan are derived from three types of parent material.
Residual material obtained from weathering of underlying rocks,Most of the rocks are calcareous.In some areas granites have produced non calcareous soil material.
1.very small quantities of salts are released from most of the rocks.The soils are therefore essentialy non saline.
2.alluvium; those materials which are transported from one place to another by rivers and deposited at other places are called alluvium.
3.aeolian soil; similarly wind also transport the material from one place to another which is deposited over the surface that is called aeolian soil.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF PARENT MATERIAL AND MODE OF INFORMATION;
The soil of pakistan have accquired distinct characteristics from the parent material and by their mode of formation. Accordingly the soils of pakistan can be classified into the following six types'
1.alluvial soil of the flood plains
2.alluvial soil of the bar uplands
3.soils of the piedmont plains.
4.desert soils
5.soils of potwar plateau
6.soils of western hills..............

country gold

RUSSIA;
In 2009 russia was at 4th position in gold production with a volume of 205t.Since new milliennium 2000 russia gold production has been steadily increasing with 154 t being produced in 2001 181 t in 2002 and 182 t in 2003 russia has a variable gold production industry with only 14% of its gold producers about 78 companies producing 74% of russia gold.Russia is thought to employ approximately 400,000 people in its gold mining industry.Most production is from placer deposits in the eastern parts of russia eith most indetified resources 60% located in the russian far east and in eastern siberia. Nearly half of russia's gold is produced from the magadan oblast 26 t, krasnoyarsk 30t and the yakutia 20 t sabkha republic regions.Hard rock deposits are generally low grade at around 4g/t.Due to the fact that most of russia production is sourced from placer deposits the reserve base are being diminished rapidly.Emphasis is to be placed on the delineation of new mines which is going to require major investment.
Important gold mines are darasun, julietta kubaka,omolon, kumrochand mangovershinnoe situated in magadan oblast region and other mines are like nezhdaninsek located in yakutia region....

SOUTH AFRICA;
In 2009 south africa was at 5th position in the world in gold productions with a volumeof 198t.South Africais esrimated but US geological survey to have 6000 metric tons of gold reserve 95% of south africa gold times mines are underground operation reaching depths of over 3.8 km.Coulped with declining grades increased depth of mining and a slide in the gold price cost have begun to rise, resulting in the steady fall in production.The future of the gold over reserves represents a substanial part of the world's reserves.The main gold producing area is concetratedon the archaean witwater basin.The witwater basin which has been mined for more than 100 years and has produced more than 41 000 t of gold remains the greatest unmined source of gold in the world. major new projects new technology new approaches to the organisation of work better labour relations and some commercial innovations are starting to reshape  this industry.
Goldfield's south deep mine is situated in the districts of westonaria and vanderbijlpark in the gauteg province. At this project is on track for build up to full production by the end of 2014.
Harmony gold hopes to complete the expansion at its doornkop south reef mine by 2015.Doornkop produced 64000 oz of gold in the 2009 financial year,but is expected to produce 250,000 oz pa of gold at full  production.
Famous gold mines in south africa are blyyvooruitizicht mine near  carleton ville in gauteng region .Mponeng mine near venterdorp which is north western region tshepong mine near welkom in free state.

country gold

THE USA;
The USA is the world's second largest gold producers after,south africa.The country produced 285t in 2003 representing a dramatic drop from 2000's total of 355t.Gold was produced at about 53 major lode mines a dozen or more, large placer mines nearly all in alaska and numerous smaller placer mines mostly in alaska and in the western states.In addition a small amount of domestic gold was recoverd as a by product of processing base metals chiefly copper.Thirty mines yielded more than 99% of the gold produced in the United States.Gold  output in the country has been set to increase in 2005.
Famous gold mines of USA are bald mountain and betze poste in nevada and briggs mine in california...

AUSTRALIA;
Gold is one of australia's largest export earners.It also the world's third largest producers producing 222 t in 2010.
Western australia is responsible for 75% of australia's gold production and also hosts approximately two thirds of australia's 4500 t gold resources.
Newcrest mining is australia's largest gold producer.Newcrest own and opreates five mines in australia.Cadia valley operation is the largest gold and copper producer in new south wales and one of Australia's largest gold producers.Cadia valley is located in central wesyern new south wales,australia some 250 kilometers west of sydney. Operations comprise the large low grade cadia hill open pit mine ans the higher grade rideway underground mine.
Famous mines of australia are sunrise dam near laverton in western australia warrior mine near chracters towers in queensland angew and big bell near perth,in western australia.

mineral resources

CHINA;
US Geogical survey estimated that china is the worls largest gold producers in 2010 and onwards producing 354t, an increase on its 2009 production of 320.In china gold resources are distributed randomly.Many types of gold ore have been found mainly in northern and eastern china.Primary gold ore occurs mainly in shandong, henan,hebei,shaanxi,jilin and hubei while gold placers are found mainly in marginal areas of north eastern china,where stream, system are well developed and In areas in south western china, such as heilongjiang shaanxi, gansu, sichuan, and inner mongolia.

MINES;
The famous is the world's second largest gold producer after south africa.The country produced 285t in 2003 representing a dramatic drop from 2000's total of 355 t. Gold was produced at about 53 major lode mines a dozen or more large placer mines nearly all in alaska,and numerous smaller placer mines mostly in alaska and in the western states.In additions a small amount of domestic gold was recoverd as a by product of processing base metals chiefly copper. Thirty mines yielded more than 99% of the gold produced in the United States.Gold output in the country has been set to increase in 2005.
Fmous gold mines of USA are bald mountain and betze. Poste in nevada and briggs mine in california...

gold

GOLD;
Gold the only yellow metal has the chemical symbol Au dervied from the latin word for gold aurum.Gold has twice that denisty of the lead and is also a good conductor of heat and electricity.It is extremely malleable and can be rolled thin enough to allow light the pass through it.It is resistant to most acid attacks and does not oxizide.
Gold has been the ultimate symbol of wealth from earlist civilization to the present spanning some 8000 years.It has been sought after and fought over more than any other human possession.It has histrically been used for jwellery and as a base foa a global monetary reserves.However gold's role as a monetary reserve has been changing over the past few years,with several banks selling their reserves.This is seen as a move to dissociate gold's relation with currencies.Large stocks of gold in the from of bullion coinage and jewllery are still held by banks individual investors hoarders and speculators world wide.Gold has a wide of uses from being used as a cataylst in industrial proccess to medical machinery and dental uses as well as decoratice uses.
Gold usually only occurs in its metallic state.It is commonly associated with sulphide minerals such as pyrite but it does not  form as a seperate  sulphide minerals.Gold is found in a variety of enviroment globally,but generally requires grades in excess of 1gram/tonne 1 part per million to be cconsiderd economic.Economic gold can be found in primary ore deposits as fine disseminations throughout the host rock or as concentration caused by favourable chemical and structural enviroments.South Africa,Australia,Canada and the USA are the world's primary gold producers.......

dry port

DRY PORTS;
A dry port is an inland terminal directly  connected by road or tail to a seaport and sepereating as a centre for the transshipment of sea cargo to inland destinations.
In addition to their role in  cargo  transshipment dry port may also include facilities for storage and consolidationof goods maintenance for road or rail cargo carriers and customs clearance services.The location of these facilities at a dry port relieves competition for storage and customs space at the seaport itself.An inland port has a level of integration with the maritime terminal and supports a more efficient access to the inland market both for inbound and outbound traffic.This implies an array of related logistical  activities linked with the terminal such as distribution traffic.This is implies an array of related logistical activities linked with the terminal such as distribution centers depots for containers and chassis warehouse and logistical services provide.
In many places around the world dry ports have become an intrinise part of the transport system particularly in gateway region having a high reliance on trade.
DRY PORTS OF PAKISTAN;
At present there are six dry ports runningunder the management of pakistan railways.
1.lahore dry port established in 1973
2.karachi dry port established in 1974
3.quetta dry port established in 1984
4. peshawar dry port established in 1986
5. multan dry port established in 1988
6. rawalpindi dry port established in 1990
In addition  to the above there are six  dry port  established and running under the management of private sector.
1.sialkot dry port established in 1986
2. faislabad dry port established in 1994
3. pak,china sust dry port
4. NLC dry port at thoakar niaz beg lahore
5. NLC dry port at quetta
6. QICT dry port premnagar railway station lahore established in 2010....

port

THE GWADAR PORT;
Gwadar port is a developing warm deep sea port situated at gwadar in baluchistan at the apex of the arabian sea and at the entrance of the persian gulf about 460 km west of karachi and approximately 75 km east of pakistan border with iran.The port is located on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead shaped peninsula jutting out into the arabian sea from the coastline.
Gwadar port is being constructed in two phases with heavy investment from china.Techncial and fiancial feasibility studies were commenced by the goverment of pakistan in 1993 but construction did not commence until 2002.The gwadar port was built on a turnkey basis by china.It was inaugurated in the spring of 2007 on completion of the first phase.Gwadar port is now being expanded into a deep sea port and naval base with chinese technical and financial assitance.Gwadar port became operational in 2008 with first ship to dock bringing 72,000 tonnes of wheat from canada.The port was officially inaugurated in 21 december 2008.
China has acknowledged that gwadar strategic value is no less than that of the karakoram highway which helped cement the china pakistan relationship .Bejing is also intrested in turning it into energy transport hub by  building an oil pipeline from gwadar into china's xinjiang region.The planned pipeline will carry enable oil sourced from arab and african states.Such transport by naval forces in case of any major war.
commercially it is hoped thatcthe gwadar port would generate  billions of dollars in revenue and create at least two million jobs.In 2007 the goverment of pakistan handed over part of opreation to.The port of singapore authority singapore for 25 years and gave it the status of tax free port for the following 40 years.....

the port muhammad bin qasim

THE PORT MUHAMMAD BIN QASIM;
The port Muhammad bin qasim also known as port qasim is a seaport in karachi pakistanio on the coasting of the arabian sea,It is pakistan second busiest port, handling about 35% of the nation's cargo 17 million tons per annum.
The port encompass a total area of 12,000 acres where in many industrial zones operate.In addition to the pakistan  steel mills of pakistan steel mills and kesc bin qasim power plant around 80% of the pakistan automative industry is located at port qasim. The port also provides direct waterfront access to two major nearby industrial areas export processing zone landhi and korangi industrial area.Approximately 60% of country's export and import is originated from these areas.Port qasim is managed by port qasim authorithy'sa semi autonomous goverment body.....
HISTORY AND LOCATION;
In 1970s pakistan's first steel mill pakistan steel mills was estabilished near karachi. A purpose built specialized port facility was also decided to be established for bulk handling of the massive imports of raw materials for steels production by the pakistan steel millof pakistan.In addition to the future economic demands and strategic needs this port was also meant to relieve congestion at the only seaport karachi port of the country.This port was named as port Muhammad bin qasim....
Port qasim is located adjacent to the bin qasim places it in close proximity to major shipping routes.The apporach to the port is along a 45 kilometer long  navigation  channel which provides safe navigation for vessel up to 75,000 metric tons deadweight DWT....
Location of the port qasim makes it very well connected to the transportation infra structure of the country.It is at a distance of only 15km from the national highway providing direct access to the hinterland through road.A further 14km of railway track inside the terminal links to the national railway networkthrough 6 railway tracks.Jinnah International Airport is also very near at a distance of 22 km .....

transportation

THE MAJOR PARTS OF PAKISTAN;
THE PORT OF KARACHI;
The port of karachi is the largest and busiset seaport of pakistan handling about 60% of the nation's cargo 25 million tons per annum. It is located close to the central busniess district CBD and several industrial areas of the city,.The geographic position of the port places it is in close proximity to major shipping routes such as the strait of hoemuz.the administration of the port is carried out by the karachi port trust which was established in the nineteenth century...
In 1974 karachi became the capital of the new nation of pakistan resulting in growth in population as it absorbed hundreds of thousands of years.
Although the capital moved to islamabad in 1950 karachi remains the economic centre of pakistan accounting for the largest proportion of national GDP based in part on the commerce conducted through the part of karachi and port qasim....


The karachi port comprises a deep natural harbour with an 11 kilometer  approach channel which provides safe navigation for vessel up to 75,000 metric tons deadweight DWT.The main areas of port activity are two wharves;East wharf with seventeen vessel berths and west wharaf with thirteen vessel berths.The two wharves each include a container terminal.

Karachi international container terminal KICT opened in 1996 at west wharf berths 28/30.It has a handling capacity of 300,000 TEUs per annum and handles container ships up to 11 meter draught.The total quay length is 600 meters divided into two containers berths.The terminals is equipped with three panamax cranes and one post panamax crane.........
Pakistan international container terminal PICT opened in 2002 at east wharf berths 6/9.It has a handling capacity of 350,000 TEUs per annum and handles container ships up to 11.5 meter draught.The total quay length is 600 meters divided into two container berths.The terminal is equipped with two panamax cranes......

barrage

TAUNSA BARRAGE;

Taunsa barrage is located 20 km southeast of taunsa sharif city on the river indus in  the punjab. The taunsa barrage was completed in 1958 and it has been identified as the barrage with the higest  priority for reabilition. It requires urgent measure to a avoid servere economic and social impacts on the lives of million of poor farmers through interruption of irrigation on two million acres 8,000 km and drinking water in the rural areas of southern punjab benefiting several million farmers.The project was designed to ensure irrigation of the cultivated lands in the area of the muzaffargarh and dera ghazi khan tehsil canals,and through the taunsa panjnad links canal the supplements the water supply to punjnad headworks canal. 

GUDDU BARRAGE;

Guddu barrage  is a barrage across river indus near Kashmore in pakistan.The barrage wads completed in 1962. At the time of its construction it has maximum design discharge of 1.2 million cubic feet per second 34,000m/s. It is a gate controlled barrage type barrage with a navigation lock.The barrage has 64 bays,each 60 feet wide. The maximum flood level height of guddu barrage is 26 feet.It controls irrigation supplies to 2.9 million acres 12,000km of agricultural lands in the jacobabad larkana and sukkur  districts of sindh and the naseerabad districts of baluchistan. The cost of the project was 474.8 million rupees.It feeds ghotki feeder begari feeder desert and pat feeder canals..........

irrigation

BARRAGE:
A barrage is a barrier constructed across a water way to  control  the flow or raise the level of water. It is built in a watercourse to increase the depth of water or to divert into a channel for navigation or irrigation. observe one more comon use of a barrage. 
MAJOR BARRAGES OF THE COUNTRY;

JINNAH BARRAGE; 1946
Most of the sind sagar doab was unproductive wasteland known as the thal desert before the construction of the jinnah barrage  on the indus river near kalabagh in 1946.The thal canal system which draws water from the barrage has turned parts of the desert into fertile cuktivated land.And in the northwest  of peshawar provides irrigation for food crops and fruit orchads in the peshawar valley and is designed to produce 240,000 kilowatts of electricity.In the plains region the jinnah barrage controls the system of canals in the thal project organized  in 1949.The project which irrigates a former desert area is aimed at expanding agricultural developing rurak industry and provide commercial activity to the local people.

CHASHMA BARRAGE;
Chashma barrage wetland site is located at indus monsoon forest some 25 km southwest of mianwali punjab pakistan. The site comprises a  large barrage, a water storage reservivor and series of embankments serving as flood bounds which divide the reservoir into five shallow lakes at low water levels.......

tobacco

TOBACCO

It is one of the most important each crops of pakistan.It is extremely adaptable plant,is cultivated in practically all parts of the country from the hilly and arid regions of the north west to sandy areas of the south.The KPK produces the popular brand virgania.

"Smoking may not  be good for health but is certainly good for numerous national economic around the world and pakistan is no exception.."

Tobacco industry growing  manufacturing  distribution and retailing  contributed 4.4 per cent or over Rs.46.70 billion to total GDP 2009/ 10 of pakistan including Rs. 24.54 billion in excise duty and sales tax.It is the single biggest contribute of excise duty six times than that from cotton yarn. Over 5 per cent of all taxes collected in the country come from the tobacco industry.Tobacco is the only crop grown in pakistan whose yield is well above the world averageand matches the per hectare yield in the US and other developed countries an average yield of 1,900 kilograms per hectare. Tobacco industry growing manufacturing and retailing employs over one milion persons directly or indirectly. Manufacturing employs the highest number of persons 35 per cent followed by 33 per cent by growing and 32 per cent in distribution and retail.

Kinds of tobacco:

1. flue cured virginia FCV tobacco

2.dark air cured DAC  tobacco

3.white patta WP tobacco

4.burley tobacco

5.hukkah tobacco

6.naswar tobacco..

TOBACCO CULTIVATION:

PALNTATION;

Tobacco seed are scattered onto the surface of the soil.Seedbeds are fertilized with wood ash or animal manure.Seedbeds are then covered with branches to protect the young plants from the frost damage.These plants are left to grow until around april.

After the plants have reached a certain height they are transplanted into fields.This is done by making holes in the cultivated earth and then place the small plant in the holes.Various mechanical tobacco planters were invented during late 19th  and early 20th century to automate this process.

HARVESTING;

Tobacco is harvested in ttwo ways.

1.In the oldest method the entire plant is harvested at once by cutting off the stalk at the ground with a stickle.

2. In the 19th century bright began to be harvested by picking individual leaves off the stalk as they ripened.The leaves ripen from the ground upwards so a field of tobacco may go through several pickings before the tobacco is entirely harvested and the stalks may be turned into the soil or take away to use as fuel/other purposes....