natural resources

Natural  resources occur naturally within environmens that exist relatively in disturbed by mankind in a natural form. A natural resources is often characterized by amount of biodiversity and geo diversity exist in various ecosystem.
Natural resources are divided from the environment. Many of themare essential for sour survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways.
The ocean is an example of natural resources. Occean waves can be used to generates tidal wave a power which is a renewable energy. Oceans are important for salt production and provided habitat for deep water fishes. There are biodiversity of marine species in the sea where nutrients cycles are common.
Natural resources are materials and components something that can be used which are that can be found within the environment. Man himself is a natural resources forming a part of biological environment every man made product is composed of natural resources at its fundamental level. A natural resources may exist as a separates entity such as  fresh water and air as well as a living organism such as a fish or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtained the resources such as metal ores oil and other forms of energy!!!!!

fertilizer industry

Fertilizer industry is a chemical or natural substance added to soil to increase its fertility.
It is any organic or inorganic material of natural or syentic origin that is added to soil to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. A recent assessment found that about 40 to 60% of crop yields are attributable to commercial fertilizer use. They are essential for high yield harvest European fertilizer market is expected to grow to €15.3 billion by 2018. Mined in organic fertilizer have been used for many centuries whereas chemically synthesized inorganic fertilizer were only widely develop during the industrial revolution British agricultural revolution and the industrial green Revolution of the 20 century.
Inorganic fertilizer use has also significantly supported global population growth it has been estimated that almost half the people on the earth are currently  fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.
kinds of fertilizer:
1 organic fertilizer or natural fertilizer is fertilizer made of decayed plants and animal waste..
2 Inorganic fertilizer or artificial fertilizer consists of commercially prepared fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate super phosphate and urea..

major factors for localization of cotton textile industry

textile Industry

Textile industry::
The textile industry is primary concerned with the production of yarn and cloth and the subsequent design or manufacture of clothing and their distribution. The raw material may be natural or syentic using products of the chemical industry.
Natural fiber are either from animals (sheep goat rabbit sil worm ) mineral asbestos or from plants (cotton flax sisal). These vegetables fibers can come the seed (cotton) the stem (flax hemp jute) or the leaf (sisal).
Cotton is the world most important natural fiber. In the year 2011 the global yield was 27 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in about 66 countries.
Syenthicor artificial fibers  can be made by extruding a polymer through a spinneret into a medium where a it hardens. Rayon's acetate and triacetate nylons and polyesters are some major artificial fibers. All these fibers will be of great length often kilometres long. Artificial fibers can be processed as long fibers or batched and cut so they ca be processed like a natural fiber.
Major branches of textile industry:
1 cotton textile industry
2 silk textile industry

World fiber production 
Kind.         THOUSHANDS metric tons
Artificial.    41276
Cellulose.    3296
Cotton.         25707
Wool.             1227
Silk.                  145
Source, China textile engineering society.

1 Artificial silk or Rayon industry
2 Jute industry
3 Woolen textile industry. 

Ceramics:
Is an art of making different kind of objects such as earthenware porcelain tiles cookware dinnerware etc with help of firedclay.
Glass crafts: 
Include assorted range of craft such as glass blowing glass bedad making stained glass paintings, hand painted glassware glass pearl etc..
Fiber craft:
Consists of plethora of craft techniques like lace making macramé spinning tatting traditional rug hooking weaving carpet making etc.
Leather work:
Comprises of wide range of activities such as leather carving leather painting leather stampings etc..
Wood craft:
   Cover board range of techniques such as woodcarving woodworking wooden polychrome masks wood craft item carved wooden furniture carved wooden memorials masks lacquer ware wooden toys wood burning etc..
Stone craft:
 Is an art or skill of manufacturing objects by combining together pieces of rough natural stones. China is well known a for its wide variety of stone carved  miniature artifacts and jewlery.Japan is a renowned producer is satsuma stone ware.Thailand is the leading producer of high grade gemstones and jewelry in  the world ...
Metal crafts:
Contains diverse range of objects such as metal jewelry metal utensils silver ware brasaware metal statues etc..
Beadwork:
 Emerged as one of the decorative crafts in Europe in the middle ages. United kingdom is the leading producers of glass beads and jewelry in the whole of Europe.
Needle craft:
 Include wide range of techniques such as appliqué crewel embroidery crochet cross stitch knitting patchwork quilting etc....
Gift ware:
Sector comprises of home wares toys and games card wrapping small leather goods jewelry accessories silverware etc. The United kingdom giftware industry is worth over $ 21 billion  in the whole of Europe...

handicrafts & industries

Is this a Pakistan handicraftt industry :

Is this a India handicraft industries :
Handicrafts:
      Handicrafts are mostly defined as items made by hand often with the use of simple tools and are generally artistic and or traditional in nature. They are also objects of utility and objects of decoration.
Handicrafts Industry:
      This industry provides additional employment and raises the level of living for both rural and urban populations. The global handicrafts industry accounts for a market share of100 billion us$ . this industry plays a dominant role in the economic development of the rural mass of every country and earns substantial forgein exchange.
The Asian:
       Manufacturing industry is highly diversified comprising of several establishment in difgrent countries engaged in manufacturing of a great range of items.
  Craft trades play a significant role in most of the European countries. The craft  trades play a significant role in most of the European countries. The crafts and small business employ more than 66% of Europe work face I.e around 115 million people. The turn over of craft industry ranges from 25% to 55%. In Europe small enterprises and craft businesses are a prominent source of jobs and a breeding ground for business ideas.

Ceramics and pottery is considered to be one of the oldest trade commodities of Africa. The African crafts industry is considered to be one of the well managed and organized sectors employing a major chunk of human population in various establishments.The craft industry of Africa is contributing significantly to the country national economic growth.
  The Australia and New Zealand craft industry comprises oof several cottage industries specializing in niche products. The key products exported by these countries include ceramic arts and crafts jade jewelery decorative hand blow glass abalone jewelry paper craft home wares such as the Australian spends about $6.3 million per annum for contemporary visual arts and crafts sector. Australian arts and cultural industry has seen an enormous growth over the past few years!!!!!

banking: DETERMINISM

banking: DETERMINISM: THIS THEORY WAS INTTIALLY ESTABLISHED BY HIPPOCTES (460C370).ARISTOTLE (384BC-322BC) REPEATED THE GENERALIZATION ABOUT NATURAL CHARACTER AND...

coal

We used the term coal to describe a variety of fossilized plantv materials but no two coals are exactly alike.heating value ash melting temperature sulfur and other chemical and physical properties must be considered when matching specific coals to a particular application.
Coal is classified into four general categories or rks.
Antharcite is coal with the highest carbon content between 86 and 98 percent and a heat value of nearly 15000 BTUs per pound.most frequently associated.
Bituminous coal is used primarily to generates electricity and make coke for the steel industry.bituminous coal has a carbon content ranging from 45 to 86 percent carbon content and a heat value of 10,500 to 15,5000 BTUs per pound.
Ranking value below bituminous is sub bituminous coal with 35 45 percent carbon  content and a heat value between 8,3000 and 13000 BTUs per pound

TEA

TEA IS  ONE OF THE IMPORTANT DRINK CROPS OF THE WORLD.IT IS THE CHEAPEST ONE AND MOST DRUNK UNIVERSALLY.THE BRITISH ARE THE GREATEST TEA DRINKERS CONSUMING AN AVERAGE OF 4.5 KG PER HEAD PER ANNUM.DUE TO INCREASING POPULATION AREA UNDER TEA CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION IS INCREASING RAPIDLY.. WORLD TEA PRODUCTION IN 1970 WAS 1.2 MILLION TONS WHICH REACHED ABOUT 3.9 MILLIOON TONS IN 2007.IN WORLD AREA UNDER TEA CULTIVATION IN 2007 WAS 2,856,226(2.8 MILLION HECTARES) AND PER HECTARE YIELD WAS 13,554KG.

      MAJOR FACTORS;
DESPITE THE FACT THAT TEA IS VERY RESISTANT TO A GREAT DIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IT REQUIRE CERTAIN OPTIMUM GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS FOR ITS COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION.

        CLIMATE:
TEA PLANT DOES BEST IN WARM HUMID CLIMATE OF TROPICAL AND SUB TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT. IT CAN BE THRIVE FROM SEA LEVEL TO ELEVATION OF 7000 FEET (2100 METRES). THE HIGHER THE ELEVATION THE BETTER THE QUALITY. CLIMATE INFLUENCE UPON THE GROWTH OF TEA PLANTS IS TREMENDOUS BECAUSE IT DETERMINE NOT ONLY QUANTITY OF TEA PER PLANT BUT ALSO QUALITY.FROST IS ABSOLUTELY INJURIOUS FOR TEA PLANT GROWTH...

           TEMPERATURE :
TEA PLANT TRIVES BEST UNDER TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS THAT RANGES BETWEEN 13°C TO 24°C.TEMPERATURE BELOW 10°C AFFECTS THE YIELDS VERY BADLY.

DETERMINISM

THIS THEORY WAS INTTIALLY ESTABLISHED BY HIPPOCTES (460C370).ARISTOTLE (384BC-322BC) REPEATED THE GENERALIZATION ABOUT NATURAL CHARACTER AND ADDED THE POLITICAL ELEMENT.SIMILARLY STRABO(64BCE-21CE) IN HIS GEOGRAPHICAL ACCOUNTS ESTABLISHED A CLOSED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SHAPE RELIEF (1779-1859) RECONIZED THE GOVERNING INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN HUMAN CHARACTER HE ALSO PAID PROPER VALUE YO MAN INFLUENCE IN MODERATING NATURE.

"  DETERMINED IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW THAT EVERY EVENT INCLUDING HUMAN COGNITION BEHAVIOUR DECISION AND ACTION IS CAUSALLY DETERMINED BY THE ENVIRONMENT. "

    IN PHILOSOPHY THE DOCTRINE THAT ALL EVENTS INCLUDING HUMAN DECISION ARE COMPLETELY DETERMINED BY PREVIOUSLY EXISTING CAUSES.THE TRADITIONAL FREE WILL PROBLEM ARISES FROM THE QUESTION.IS MORAL RESPONSIBILITY CONSISTENT WITH THE TRUTH OF DETERMINISM? HAVE CONCLUDED THAT NO ONE IS MORALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT HE DOES AND THEREFORE THAT PUNISHMENT FOR CRIMINAL ACTIONS IN UNJUSTIFIED.

  DETERMINISM AS EXPLAINED BY EARLY GEOGRAPHER AND HISTORIANS WAS NOT WHOLLY ACCEPTED.THE CASUAL STUDY  OF GEOGRAPHY LATER BECAME MORE CRITICAL AND RECOGNIZED THE SUPREME PLACE THAT MAN OCCUPIES IN THE ADJUSMENT TO HIS ENVIRONMENT.THAT IS TO SAY THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHY SHIFTED FROM DETERMINISM PREACHED BY GERMAN BRITISH AND EARLY FRENCH AUTHOR IN WHICH MAN PLAYED A SUBORDINATE ROLE TO NATURE POSSIBILISM IN WHICH MAN IS GIVEN HIS RIGHTFUL PLACE.......

YAIE mashoor khubsurat bara  sa parinda HAI.jungloo or dehat mai paya jata HAI.shero mai log sohq SAIE lakar  plate HAI.muhallo or bagoomai bhii palte HAI.lambi church sarhi dar gardan lambi gardan patli patli bhudhi thangey .sabz rung chamkdar par gardan k itraf sahery khushnuma chamakdar par SAR par khushnuma khalghii park par jA Baja sunhery.  Dilkhash bogey chanorsi daam. Khsusan nar bars hi khubsurat HOTA HAI isaey pariendo KA bafdsha khethy HAI narki daam kafi Bari or khubsurat hoti hai.khalgii BHI barrii khubsurat hothi or mada SAIE kafi bari or khubsurat hothi HAI mast ho karna Chaney lagta hai TW dum phula DAIE ta hai bars khubsurat lagta hai LIKIN peir bhady hai Jo is KI khubsurti  pat IK daag hai. Dane dunkey kheray makoray khata hai darkhto KI theniyo par betha retha hai chirya gharo mai aksar paltey hai. Jungle mai log in KA shikar karte hai par shoq saie topiyio mai legate hai bache kitabo  waqira mai rakhtey hai!!!!!

AIK FAQIYA

AIK WAQIYA":
 
      MALOOM HOTA HAI K HADSHAT BHII KISMAT K GARDISH KI TAKMEEL KA NAME HAI HASAT IS TARHA WAQQA PAZIR HOTHE HAI K INSAN IN KA SANU GUMAN NHI HOTA  GHAR SAIE NIKALTEY HAI LIKIN ACHANAK ASA HADSA PAISH ATA HAI K LASSH HOSPITAL SAIE GHAR PHICH THI HAI YAIE KISMAT KA CHAKAR NAHI TW OR KIA HAI IK DIN IK KAAM UMER LARKY KI BIRTHDAY THI TAKREB BIRTHDAY BARE THAT SAIE MANIYE GAIE MUHALLY K TAMAM BACHO KO OR AZEEZ AKAREB KO JAMA KIYA GAYA THA CAKE KAT GAYA MITHAI,CAKE,PASTRY'S,BISCUIT CHAI OR MEWAY WAQRA SAIE SABB KI KHATHIR TAWAZA KI GAIE CHOTHY CHOTHY LARKEY OR LARKIYON NAIE DRAME OR GANE WAQIRA PHIESH KIYE TAPE RECORDER PAR ACHEY ACHEY GANE BAJIE GAIE OR PHOTO BHI LIYE GAIE  SATHIYO NAIE APNI APNI TARAF SAIE MUKTALIF KISM K GIFT PHESH KIYE LARKA KHUSHI K MARE PHULA NA SAMAYA NAYE RISHMI LIBAS MAI MALBOSE THA GALE MAI PHOLO K HAR THAE LARKEY K ABBA NAIE IK KHUBSURAT GHARI THOFAY MAI DI OR AMMI NAIE IK GOLD KI RING PHENAIE GARZ BHUT KHUSIYA MANI GAIE RAT MAI SAB MEHMANO KI DAWAT THI PULAO ZARDA FERINI PAKIYE JA RHI THI YAIE LOG ZRMAZHABI KISM K THAEY IN HO NAIE YAIE SAB HI INTEZAM KAR RAKHA THA K BAD NAMAZ MAGHRIB LARKE KO MASJID BHEJA JAIE K NAMAZ BA JAMAT K ILAWA DO SHUKRNE NAFIL ADA KR K AIYE GHARAZ MAGRIB K GAREB LARKA APNE CHAND SATHIYO K SATH ABBA KI UNGLI PAKREY MASJID KI TRAF RAWANA HUA MASJID PHUCH KR NAMAZ BA JAMAT ADA KI OR DUA MANG KAR WAPIS AA RHA THA GHAR K GAREB PHUCHEY THAE K IK MAKAN KI DSRI MANZIL PAR KHIRKI MAI GAMLEY RKHEY HUE THAE KISI TRHA SAIE WHA SAIE IK GAMLA GIRA. OR KISMAT KA KHEL DEKHYE K THEK USI BACHEY PAR GIRA OR SAR PHAT GAYA BACHA KHOON MAI NAHA GAYA OR BEHOSH HO GYA HO KAR ZAMEEN PAR GIR PARA BAAP OR SATHIYO KI VHEKE NIKAL GAIE BAAP JHAT TAXI MAI LITA KAR HOSPITAL LAE BHAGHE GHAR K TAMAM LOGO KO ITALA MILI TW IK KHURAM MACH GAYA SAB K SAB HOSPITAL CHALE GAIE OR IK GHANTHY BAD US LARKEY KI LASH GHAR PHUCH GAIE WO ZINDA NA HO SAKA OR HOSPITAL MAI DAAM TOR GAYA.KHUSHI IR JASHAN SHADI KA GHAR THORI HI DAIER MAI MATAM KA GHAR BANGYA AB ZIYAFAT OR DAWAT INGEZAM K BAJIYE TAKFEEN KI TAYARIYA HONE LAGI!!!!!!!!!

AIK HADASA

AIK HADSAA:
 
       QUDARAT K EEB KHEL HOTHEY HAI KABHI INSAN BUS OR CAR K NICHEY AA KAR BAR BAR BACH JATA HAI OR KABHI GADHAGARI TAKR KHA KAR MARJATA HAI YAIE BHI KISMAT KI NEARNAIEGIYA HAI.EID KA DOSRA ROZ THA SADDAR MAI SHAM K WAQT BARI BHIER THI BURE JAWAN BACHE TAFREHAN GHOM PHER REHY THAE HAR AIK CHERY PAR KHUSHI K ASAR THAY TRAFFIC ZORO PAR THI LOG BACH BACH KR CHLTEY THARE ITNE MAI ZAIBUN NISA STREET OR GARDEN K ROAD K CHURAHEY KA SIGNAL BAND HO GYA JO GULZAR HOTEL K SAMNE SADDAR MAI HAI.ZAIBUN NISA STREET ANE WALI. TAMAM TRAFFIC OR LOG RUK GAIE LIKIN IK SHAKHS KISMAT KA MARA EID K KAPREY PHENY THA UNPAR SA MALOM HOTATHA WO AKELA RASTA PAR K BECH SARK PAR AGYA THA  K IDHER SAIE BUS AGAI OR EO BICHARA BUS K BILKUL NECHEY AGYA LOGO KI CHEKY NIKAL GAIE BUS K DRIVER NAIE FORAN BREAK LAGA DIA OR KHUDA KI SHAN K PAIYO K SAMNE JO JALI SI BANI HUI HAI US NAIE US ADMI KO PAIYO ANE SE BACA LIYA JALI NAIE ITNE MAI BUS RUK GAIE OR US AFMI KO BUS K NECHY SAIE MIKAL LIYA GAYA KUCH MAMOLI SAIE ZAKHAM AYE THAE JIS KI MARHAM PAYTHI K LIYE HOSPITAL PHUCHA DIYA GAYA SARI MAKLOK DANG REH GAIE K KIA KHUDA KI QUDRAT HAI EO CHEY TW INSAN KO MUAT K MUN SAIE BAVHA SAKTA HAI OR CHEY TW TANU MAN ADMI KO BETHY BETHAY DIL KI HARKAT BAND KAR K KHATHAM KAR SKATA HAI
"SHAN HAI IS QUDRAT KI"

MAN ENVIRONMENTS INTERACTION

MAN ENVIRONMENTS INTERACTION:
 
   MAN  IS NOT ONLY A GEOGRAPHICAL AGENT BUT ALSO AN ACTIVE CREATURE.HE MAKES AN ADJUSTMENT WITH PHYSICAL SURROUNDING AND CHANGES THE SHAPE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND MAKES THE GREATEST USE IF THEM. IN THIS WAY MAIN INFLUENCE HIS ENVIRONMENT OR SURROUNDING.THIS MUTUAL SYNTHHESIS BETWEEN MAN AND NATURAL SURROUNDING IS STUDIED IN ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT.
  IN MANY CASES THE FACTOR OF NATURAL AND CULTURAL SURROUNDING OF TWO REGION THEIR WORKING AND PROBLEMS DO NOT SHOW SIMILARITY WITH ONE ANOTHER. THE STUDY  OF SUCH  REGIONAL VARIETIES AND DIFFERENCE IS THE SUBJECT MATTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT.. IT CAN BE SAID  THAT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IS IN FACT A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ACTIVITIES OF GROUPS OF MEN LIVING IN VARIOUS REGIONS WHICH TREATED AN ADJUSMENT WITH SURROUNDING ON THE REGIONAL BASIS.............

   THE INFLUENCE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ON HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN THE HISTORIC PAST IS VERY WELL KNOWN.THE STORY OF HUMAN PROGRESS IS A PROCESSES OF !MAN ADAPTATION TO HIS GEOGR ENVIRONMENT. WITH THE COMING OF SCIENTIFIC ERA MAN HAS BECOME PROSPEROUS DUE TO TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE AND UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES .HE. HAS ALSO CREATED HIS CULTURAL ACTIVITIES SIDE BY SIDE.THE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION ON THE EARTH SURFACE IS MERELY A MANIFESTATION OF MAN CULTURAL ACTIVITIES WHERE THERE ARE PLENTIFUL NATURAL RESOURCES THE POPULATION DENSITY IS GREAT.SINCE MAN OCCUPANCY OF THE EARTH IT SEEMS TO HAVE SELECTED ONLY THOSE PLACES WHERE HE COULD FIND A PLENTY OF RESOURCES FOR HIS LIVELIHOOD.THE RIVER VALLEYS HAD ALWAYS BEEN A CENTRE OF HUMAN AGGLOMERATION AND SETTLEMENT AND ALL THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION OF THE WORLD IS THE PRODUCT OF THE SOIL OF RIVER VALLEYS.THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION DEPENDS UPON AN INCREASING EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLOSER INTERACTIONS AMONG A LAND ITS ENVIROMENT AND ITS PEOPLE..

     MAN IN HIS LARGE ACTIVITIES AFFECTS THAT NATURAL ENVIROMENT BUT ON THE OTHER HAND THE NATURE OF  HUMAN ACTIVITIES  AND THE TREND AND LIMIT OF IT'S DEVELOPMENT WILL BE STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY THE NATURE AND SIZE OF ITS HABIT.
   ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES THE HIGHER MENTAL LIFE OF A PERSON CHIEFLY TROUGH THE MEDIUM OF HIS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE .A PERSON MAY PRESENT AT ANY GIVEN TIME ONLY A PARTIAL RESPONSE TO HIS ENVIRONMENT FOR MANY REASONS.THE HISTROY AND CULTURE OF MAN SHOWS THE EFFECT'S OF HIS HABITATS AND OF HIS RESPECTIVE ENVIRONMENT BUT HIS ENVIRONMENT MEANS SOMETHING MORE THAN LOCAL GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS. GEO ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS INFLUENCE THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEOPLE .THE ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION OF the natural RESOURCES FOR THE WELL-BEING OF MANKIND IS CONSEQUENT UPON SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS OR DISCOVERIES.AND  IN THE WHOLE THE REGIONAL ADJUSMENT IS ONE !MORE IMPORTANT UN AVOIDABLE FAVTOR IN !MAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION...
 
   THERE ARE TWO. FAMOUS THEORIES ABOUT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LMAN AND ENVIROMENT!!!!!!!!!

SOYA BEAN

SOYA BEAN are a traditional crop of China butb have been introduced in a number of other countries they are annual crop and grow to a height of about three feet. It require warm temperature as well as cool temperate climate of about 21°c at the time if harvest and an modrate rainfall around 40 inches it grows best in rich loamy soil which is also suitable for the cultivation of maize crop.it is sown in spring and harvested in late summer near autumn . it adds reliable nitrogen to the soil like groundnuts thus it is often grown as a rotation crop USA. IT is grown extensively in the corn belt as a rotation crop. In China and other countries it is cultivated with other crops. It is a low oil content crop of about 15 to20 percent compared with 65 to 70 percent for palm oil and 35 40 percent copra and groiundnuts but is widely grown as rotation crop. 

GROUND NUTS

IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS PEANUTS.THE NATIVE COUNTRY IS BRAZIL BUT IT IS NOW GROWN VERY WIDELY IN THE TROPICAL AND SUB TROPICAL AREA OF WARM TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT TO  MODERATE RAINFALL BETWEEN 25 TO 35 INCHES.THE NUT IS OBTAINED FROM THE ROOTS OF A SMALL PLANT WHICH GROWS WELL ON SANDY OIL  BECUASE THE NUT RIPENS IN THE SOIL.FERTILIZER IS USED WITH YHE SEED WHEN THEY ARE PLANTED .IT IS A SEASONAL CROP .IT ADD VALUABLE NITROGEN TO THE SOIL THUS IT IS OFTEN GROWN AS ROTATION CROP PARTICULAR IN USA IT IS GROWN ON MEHANIZED MIXED MIXED FARMS IN THE COTTON BELT.
AFTER THE HARVESTING THE OUTER SHELLS ARE REMOVED IN THE GROWING AREAS TO MINIMIZE THE TRANSPORT CHAINS AND NUTS ARE SACKED FOR EXPORT.OIL IS EXTRACTED FROM THE NUTS THE OIL IS USED AS FOOD DIRECTLY AND ALSO IN THE MANUFACTURING OF VEGETABLE GHEE.THE CHIEF GROUND NUT PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN ORDEROF IMPORTANCE ARE INDIA,CHINA,NIGERIA,USA,SENEGAL,BRAZIL,NIGERIA,INDONESIA ,AND BURMA ETC.NIGERIA ,BRAZIL,AND SENEGAL ARE THE MAIN EXPORTING COUNTRIES .THE CHIEF IMPORTING COUNTRIES ARE UK FRANCE AND WEST GERMANY!!!!!

EDIBLE OILS ( COOKING OIL)

COOKING OIL  IS PLANT ANIMAL OR SYENTIC FAT USED IN FRIYING BAKING AND OTHER TYPES OF COOKING .IT IS ALSO USED IN FOOD PREPARATION AND FLAVORING THAT DOESN'T INVOLVE HEAT.SUCH AS SALAD DRESSING AND BREAD DIPS AND IN THIS SENSE MIGHT BE MORE ACCURATELY TERMED EDIBKE OIL.THEY ARE ALSO IMPORTANT FIR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES. ALTHOUGH THE VEGETABLES OILS HAVE BEEN USED FOR AGES BUT THE COMMERCIAL VALUE OF THE OILS CONTAINED IN THE VAST NUMBERS OF PLANT HAS RECENTLY BEEN APPRECIATED. THE INCREASED DEMAND HAS CAUSED ENORMOUS INCREASE IN THE PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES OILS.MOST OF THE ARE EXTRACTED FROM THE FRUITS OR SEEDS OF PLANT OF AL SIZE WHICH GROWIN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD UNDER VARIED CONDITION OF CLIMATE AND SOIL.MOST OF THE CROPS FROM WHICH OIL IS EXTRACTED HAVE BEEN GROWN FOR CENTURIES BUT FEW OF THEM ARE REGARDED SOLELY AS PRODUCERS OF OIL,SUCH AS COCONUT, PLAM NUT,MUSTRADS(RAPE SEED),SOYA BEAN AND OLIVE ETC.THOUGH THEY ARE USED FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES BUT OIL IN HAS BEEN REGARDED AS THEIR MAIN PRODUCTS.PALM OIL IN WET TROPICAL AREAS RAPESEED IN SUB TROPICAL AREAS ARE GROWN BASICALLY FOR OIL.SOME VEGETABLES OILS ARE THE BY PRODUCTS OF OTHER CROPS E.G.. COTTON SEEDS.COTTON IS GROWN FOR FIBER NOT FOR THE SAKE IF SEED BUT OIL IS EXTRACTED  FROM COTTON SEEDS....
OILS FORM VEGETABLES SOURCES ARE NOW OBTAINED MORE EASIKY BY TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENT ABND QUALITY OF OIL HAS ALSO BEEN IMPROVED WITH THE INCREASE IN DEMAND  AND OIL PRODUCERS OF TROPICAL AND TEMPERATURE COUNTRIES HAVE INTENSIFIED PRODUCTION AND. INCREASE EFFICIENCY AND IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THE OIL PRODUCED.FOR EXAMPLE SOUTH EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES HAVE IMPROVED THEIR PLAM OILS WHILE USA OUTPUT OF SOYA BEANS HAVE EXPANDED BY MORE THAN THREE TO FOUR TIMES AND RUSSIA HAS GIVEN MORE ATTENTION TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION OF SUN FLOWER..
THE CONSUMPTION OF EDIBLE OIL HAS ENORMOUSLY BEEN INCREASED AFTER 1960.
  TWO IMPORTANT REASON BEHIND ARE!
(A) THE ANIMAL FATS ARE NOT ENOUGH TO MEET THE INCREASING DEMAND BOTH FOR FOOD STUFF AND INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE FOR WHICH VEGETABLES OIL SUCH AS A SUBSTITUTE HAS BEEN INTRODUCED E.G. MARGARINE GOR BUTTER COOKING OIL FOR BUTTER OR GHEE AND FOR MAKING OF SOAPS OIL IS USED INSTEAD OF FAT...
(B) MANY NEW USES  ARE FOUND FOR OILS SUCH AS PAINTS AND VARNISH..

  THE PRINCIPAL VEGETABLES OILS OF THE WORLD ARE PALM OIL COCONUT OIL GROUNDNUT OIL SOYA BEAN OIL OLIVE OIL COTTON SEED OIL LINSEED OIL RAPESEED OIL SESAME OIL SUN FLOWER OIL AND CASTER OIL..
   EDIBLE OIL PRODUCTION(2011)!!!!!!!!!!!!

THE EARTH

THE EARTH IS THE THIRD PLANET IN DISTANCE OUTWARD FROM THE SUN.BELIEVED TO BE ABOUT 4.56 BILLION YEARS OLD IT IS SOME 149,600,000KM (92,60,000MILES) AWAY FROM THE SUN.IT MAKES ONE REVOLUTION OR ONE COMPLETE ORBIT OF THE SUN IN ABOUT 365DAYS 6HOURS .AS IT REVOLVES IT ROTATES ON ITS AXIS ONCE EVERY 24 HOURS...IT HAS AN EQUATORIAL CIRCUMFERENCE OF 40,076KM (24,902 MILES).ITS TOTAL SURFACE AREA IS ROUGHLY 509,600,000SQ.KM.(197 ,000,000SQ .MI)OF WHICH ABOUT 71%  IS WATER .EARTH ,S ATMOSPHER CONSIST OF A MIXTURE OF GASES CHEIFLY NITROGEN AND OXYGEN. EARTH SURFACE IS TRADITIONALLLY SUBDIVIDED INTO SEVEN CONTINENTAL MASSES( CONTINENT ONE OF LARGE  LANDMASSES OF THE EARTH ) AFRICA ANTARCTICA ASIA AUSTRALIA EUROPE  NORTH AMERICA AND SOUTH AMERICA .THE TOTAL  LAND AREA OF ALL CONTINENTS  IS AROUND 148,647,000 SQUARE KILOMETRES WHICH IS 29% OF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.THESE CONTINENTS ARE SURROUNDED BY FIVE MAJOR BODIES OF WATER CALLED OCEANS: (OCEANS A LARGE BODY OF WATER CONSTITUTING A PRINCIPAL PART OF THE HYDROSPHERE ) THE ARCTIC ATLANTIC INDIAN SOUTHERN AND PACIFIC OCEANS.
THROUGH THE WORLD CONTINENTS MAP YOU CAN SEE THAT THE LANDMASS IS MORE CONCENTRATED IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE THAN IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.THE LARGEST CONTINENT AS EURASIA.
THE OCEANS:
        ABOUT 71% OF THE TOTAL SURFACE OF THE EARTH COVERD WITH OCEANS.AND AS SEEN FROM THE OUTER SPACE IT SEEMS A BLUE SPHERE.THIS BLUE COLOUR IS CAUSED BY REFLECTION FROM THE OCEANS .DUE TO THIS CHARACTERIZED IT IS SOME TIME REFERRED TO AS "THE BLUE PLANET"!!!!!!///

RICE

THE PRESENT RICE WAS DEVELOPED FROM A VARIETY OF SPECIES FOUND IN SWAMPY AREAS OD SOUTHEAST ASIA.FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA ITS SPREAD TO NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES. IN EUROPE RICE WAS FIRST INTRODUCED IN SPAIN BY ARABS.
COMMERCIAL RICE CULTIVATION WAS FIRAT INTRODUCED 1924 IN TROPICAL AREAS AUSTRALIA. AT PRESENT RICE FORMS THE PRINCIPAL FOOD FOR ONE HALF OF THE POPULATION OF THE WORLD .
RICE IS THE STAPLE FOOD OF THE PEOPLE OF A LARGER PART OF MONSOON LANDS.SOUTH EASTERN ASIA GROWS MORE THAN NINETY PERCENT OF THE WORLD RICE .THOUGH IT REQUIRE TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF LABOUR YET RICE IS CULTIVATED BECUASE OF HIGH PER ACREAGE YIELDS.. DOUBLE CROPPING OF RICE IS QUITE COMMON UN SOUTHERN JAPAN AND IN ALL AREAS SOUTH OF THE YANGTZE BASIN AND THE UPPER GANGES  RIVER .IT IS ALSO GROWN IN OTHER TROPICAL AND SUB TROPICAL AREAS WHERE FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS ARE FOUND.

SUGARCANE

ALL SUGAR IS OBTAINED FROM THE JUICE OF TWO PLANTS THE SUGARCANE AND SUGAR BEST.SUGAR CANE IS GROWN IN TROPICAL AND SUB TROPICAL AREAS WHEREAS BEET IS CULTIVATED MAINLY IN TEMPRATURE  COUNTRIES .THE YIELD PER ACRE OF SUGARCANE IS GREATER AND COST OF PRODUCTION IS LESSAR THAN BEET.SUGARCANE PROVIDES ABOUT 65 PERCENT OF THE WORLD'S SUGAR...
COMMERCIAL USES OF SUGARCANES:
             THE JUICE OF THE SUGARCANE  IS NOT ONLY USES FOR GUR,RAWSUGAR AND REFINED SUGAR BUT IT ALSO USED FOR MANUFACTURING ALCOHOL , VINEGAR ETC..THE CRUSHED STEM OR CANE RESIDUE IS USED AS CATTLE FEED,FUEL,MANUFACTURING OF PAPER AND CHIP BOARD ETC..IN BRAZIL REFINED JUICE IS USED IN AUTOMOBILES IN PLACE OF PETROL.THE BY PRODUCTS IN THE REFINING OF SUGAR FROM THE JUICE IS MOLASSES A RAW MATERIAL FOR INDUSTRIES .THE PLANT IS A FAVOURITE FEED OF MANY ANIMALS SUCH AS ELEPHANT, HOGS AND CATTLE. IT IS ALSO CHEWED BY MEN AND IT'S RAW JUICE IS TAKEN AS BEVERAGE MOSTLY IN SUMMER..
CULTIVATION:
             CUTTING OF OLD PLANTS ARE USUALLY PLANTED IN FURROWS ALREADY PREPARED FOR SUGARCANE CULTIVATION .AFTER A FEW DAYS SIX TO TEN STALKS GROW FROM EACH BUD..DEPENDING ON VARIETY AND THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE AREA PLANTED SUGARCANE TAKES TEN TO TWENTY FOUR MONTHS TO RIPEN. THE STALKS ARE CUT AS NEAR TO GROUND AS POSSIBLE BECUASE THE GREATEST ACCUMULATION OF SUGAR LIES IN THE BASE OF THE STEM.THE CANES ARE BULKY CHEAP AND PERISHABLE THEREFORE TRANSPORTED QUICKLY TO THE LICSL MILL TO BE PROCESSED WITHIN 48 HOURS OF CUTTING TO PRESERVE THE HIGH QUALITY OF THE SUGAR .THE MILL MUST BE NEAR THE FARM BECUASE THE SUGAR DETERIORATES IF IT IS NOT QUICKLY PROCESSED .ON THE OTHER HAND IT WOULD BE COSTLY IF TRANSPORTED TO A LONGER DISTANCE.AFTER HATRVESTING THE PLANT MAY BE UPROOTED AS IN INDONESIA WHERE THE SUGAR IS GROWN ON ANNUAL BASIS BUT IN MOST CASES THE ROOTS ARE LEFT FOR NEXT CROP WHICH IS CALLED THE RATOON CRÓP.GENERALLY GOOD YIELDS FROM RATOON CROPS ARE OBTAINED ONLY FOR ONE  OR TWO YEARS.

COTTON

MAJOR FACTORS:
AREA OF CULTIVATION:
  COTTON IS GROWN BETWEEN 38°NORTH LATITUDE AND 25°SOUTH LATITUDE EXCEPT IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN STATES WHERE COTTON IS GROWN BETWEEN 38° AND 42° NORTH LATITUDE AND AS FAR SOUTH AS 28° LATITUDE IN ARGENTINA..
   TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL:
                        COTTON IS A SUB TROPICAL WHICH GROWS BEST IN REGIONS WHICH HAVE  A LONG WARM AND MOIST GROWING  PERIOD.A TEMPERATURE OF 25°C AND ANNUAL RAINFALL BETWEEN 20 TO 40...
  INCHES DURING THE GROWING SEASON ARE ESSENTIAL FOR THE SUCCESS CULTIVATION.BUT RAIN SHOUD BE ABSENT DURIG HARVESTING PERIOD. EXCESSIVE MOISTURE AND WELL ATTENDANT CLOUDY DAYS DO NOT ENCOURAGE COTTON CULTIVATION .NOTHING IS INJURIOUS TO COOTON PLANTS THAN THE FROST .THE BEST GROWING AREAS ARE THEREFORETHE FORST FREE AREAS VERY LITTLE COTTON IS GROWN WHERE THE AVERAGES OF THE GROWING SEASON IS LESS THAN 200 .THE COOLER CONDITION ARE PREFRED AT THE TIME OF HARVESTING..
IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION:
      BETTER CROPS AND BETTER QUALITY FIBERS ARE OBTAINED WITH USE  OF IRRIGATION BECUASE CORRECT AMOUNT OF WATER AND AT THE CORRECT TIME IS POSSIBLE ONLY BY IRRIGATION. WHERE IRRIGATION IS USED THE FIELD ARE USUALLY WATERED EVERY 10 TO 15 DAYS DURING THE GROWING PERIOD .SEA BREEZE IS BENEFICIAL FOR THE QUALITY OF THE FIBER.SO ALL THE GOOD QUALITY COTTON OF THE WORLD IS CULTIVATED IN REGIONS NOT FAR AWAY FROM THE SEA...
SOIL:
  THE COTTTON PLANT GROWS BEST ON MEDIUM LOAM  DEEP FRIABLE SOILS RIC IN HUMUS AND LIME AND WELL DRAINED .IT REQURIES HEAVY APPLICATION OF MANURE OR CHEMICAL FERTILIZER ESPECIALLY NITRATE BECUASE IT IS VERY EXCHAUSTIVE TO SOIL. SOME SOIL ARE SUITED TO COTTON CULTIVATION SUCH AS BLACK COTTON SOIL OF DACCAN INDIA .FOR BETTER UTILIZATION AND TO MAKE RICH THE SOIL COTN SHULD BE GROWN IN ROTATION WITH OTHER CROPS.IN DENSELY POPULATED ARE DURING THE OFF SEASON SOME OTHER CROPS ARE ALSO CULTIVATED FOR THEIR FOOD REQUIREMENTS BECUASE THE COTTON IS GROWN LARGELY BY PEASANT FARMERS WHO REQUIRE CASH AS WELL AS FOOD CROPS!!!!

THE RASSENDYLLS WITH A ON THE WLPHERGS

I WONDER WHEN IN THE WIORLD YOU'RE GOING YO DO ANYTHING RUDOLF SAID MY BROTHER'S WIFE...

    MY DEAR ROSE I ANSWERD LAYING DOWN MY EGG SPOON WHY IN THE WORLD SHOULD I DO ANYTHING?? MY POSITION IS A COMFORTABLE ONE.. I HAVE AN INCOME NEARLY SUFFICIENT FOR MY WANTS NO ONE INCOME IS EVER QUITE SUFFICIENT YOU KNOW .. I ENJOY AN ENVIABLE SOCIAL POSITION.. I AM BROTHER TO LORD BURLESDON, AND BROTHER IN LAW TO THAT MOST CHARMING LADY HIS COUNTESS BEHOLD IT IS ENOUGH....

   YOU ARE NINE AND TWENTY SHE OBSERVED AND YOU VE DONE NOTHING BUT.....
   KNOCK ABOUT ?IS TRUE OUR FAMILY DOESN'T NED TO THINGS..
THIS REMARK OF MINE RATHER ANNOYED ROSE FOR EVERYBODY KNOWS AND THREFORE YHERE CAN BE NO HARM IN REFERRING  TO THE FACT  THAT PRETTY AND ACCOMPLISHED AS THE RASSENDYLLS.BESIDES HER ATTRACTION SHE POSSESSED A LARGE  FORTUNE AND MY BROTHER ROBERT WAS WISE ENOUGH NOT TO MIND ABOUT HER ANCESTRY ..ANESTRY  IS AN FACT  A MATTER CONCERNING EITH THE NEXT OBSERVATION OF ROSE 'S HAS SOME TRUTH..

GOOD FAMILIES ARE GENERALLY WORSE THAN ANY OTHERS SHE SAID UPON THIS I STROKED MY HAIR I KNEW QUITE WELL WHAT SHE MEANT .I M SO GLAD ROBERTIS BACKSHE CRIED ..

       AT THIS MOMENT ROBERT WHO RISES AT SEVEN AND WORKS BEFORE BREAKFAST CAME IN.HE GLANCED AT HIS WIFE WHOSE CHEEK WAS SLIGHTLY FUSHED..
   WHAT THE MATTER MY DEAR ?HE ASKED
SHE OBJECT TO MY DOING NOTHING AND HAVING RED HAIR I IN AN INJURED TONE...
  OH OF COURSEHR CAN'T HELP HIS HAIR ADMITTED ROSE..IT GENERALLY CROPS OUT ONCE IN GENERATION SAID MY BROTHER DOES THE NOSE .RUDOLF HAS GOT THEM BOTH ...
I LAUGHED AND WENT ON WITH MY EGG.AT LEAST I HAD SHELVEDTHE QUESYION OF WHAT IF ANUTHING I OUGHT TO DO.. AND BY WAY OF CLOSING THE DISCUSSION AND ALSO I MUST ADMIT OF EXASPERATING MY STRICT LITTILE SISTER IN LAW A TRIFLE MORE I OBSERVED..
  I RATHER LIKE BEHING ALL ELPHBERG MYSELF ..
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN  YOU AND ROBERTSAID MY SISTER IN IAW WHO OFTEN BLESS HER SPEAKS ON PLATFORM AND OFTENER STILL AS IF SHE WERE ON ONE IS THAT HE RECOGNIZED YHE DUITES OF THIS POSITION AND YOU ONLY SEE THE OPPORTUNITIES YOURS..
TO A ! MAN OF SPIRIT MY DEAR ROSE I ANSWERED OPPORTUNITIES ARE DUTIES..
  NONSENSE SAID SHE TOSSING HER HEAD AND AFTER A MOMENT SHE WENT ON NOW HERE SIR JACOB BORRODAILE OFFERING YOU EXACTLY WHAT YOU MEIGHT BE EQUAL TO..

REFLECTION ON THE RE AWEKING EAST

BERTRAND RUSSELL..

ONE OF TNE MOST OUTSTANDING WRITERS  AND THINKERS OF OUR TIMRE BERTRAND RUSSELL WAS BORN IN 1872..HE INHERE AN EARLDOM BUT DID NOT MAKE USE OF HIS TITLE. BEFORE BECOMING FAMOUS AS A WRITER HE WAS AN EMINENT MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER..

    BEGINNING WITH PRINCIPIA mathematics HE HAS A WRITTEN !MANY BOOKS ON PHILOSOPHY AND mathematics.. HIS MORE POPULAR WORKS HAVE BEEN NOTABLE FOR THIER INTRODUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES INTO THE DISCUSSION OF POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY.. SINCE THE SECOND WORD WAR HE HAS BEEN GREATLY PREOCCUPIED WITH THE NUCLEAR THREATS TO MANKIND AND HAS BE IN A WARM ADVOCATE OF TECHNICAL AID TO ASIAN COUNTRIES.. HIS RECENT BOOKS OF GENERAL INTEREST INCLUDE NEW HOPES FOR A CHANGING WORLS.. THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY AND HUMAN SOCIETY IN ETHICS AND POLITICAL...

    THE RE AWEKING OF THE EAST IS ONE OF THOSE ENORMOUS MOVEMENTS THAT CAN ONLY BE PROPERLY UNDERSTOOD WHEN VIEWED IN A WIDE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES.. ALTERNAYIONS OF POWER BETWEEN EAST AND WEST HAVE OCCURRED THROUGHOUT THE LAST TWO THOUSHANDS YEARS AND MIRE..... IN THE EARLIEST HISTORY  THE PREDOMINATED ... IT WAS BOTH MORE CIVILIZED  AND MORE POWERFUL THAN THE WEST.. THE WEST HOWEVER ACUIRED THE LEAD IN CIVILIZATION WITH RISE OF GREECE AND IN POWER AND IN CULTURE. IT ALSO THIS POSITION THROUGH THE WARS BETWEEN ROMANS AND GERMANS,THE GERMAN SUCCEEDED IN DESTROY ROMAN POWER,BUT NOT IN ACUIRING A SIMILAR POSITION FOR THE THEMSELVES. WITH THE WEST THUS ENFEEBLED LEADERSHIP IN POWER AND CULTURE PASSED TO THE EAST ..