energy & power resources

NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF DAMS;
They lead to the displacement of humans,plants,animals,chiefly,from small tribal commiunities disprupt downstream fisheries increase the risk of earthquakes submerg forest land increase the spread of insect borne diseases and theeaten the fragile regional ecosystem through reducing the flow of water from the rivers into the seas.These projects intially devastate human lives and biodiversity by inundating thousands of acres of forests and agriculture land.They degrade the fertile agriculture soils due to continous irrigation rather the seasonal irrigation which is dependent on the monsoon and increasing salinity making the soil toxic to many plant species.
displaces many people
loss of arable land
salinity increase in irrigated land
may damage river and estuary fisheries
reduces water flow 
destroys prime agriculture lands
destroys riverine eclogies and habitat
destroys historic and archaeological sites
may damage down stream ecologies
including estuary fisheries
disrupts existing infrastructure
can increase the needs for fertilizer and thus increasing the incident of pollution.
Thermal electricity:
The thermal power station are generating electricity by gas oil and coal in pakistan.
Production of thermal electricity:
The 49.8% of the total electricity is produced by thermal power. The thermal power production is 4921MW in Pakistan.
Coal uses and reserves:
Coal is described as the mother of modern industry. It is at the back of the rapid industrial development of the great industrial power which might not have been possible without its presence. Coal is unique among natural products in the number of uses to which it can be put. The main function of coal is to run the factories the locomotives and the steam ships.Supplying heat for domestic purposes is of secondary importance. A part from these coal tardyes perfumes colour films sewing thread and typewriter ribbons are some of the 200,000 by products derived from coal.
Coal mines of the Punjab:
Salt range mines:
The coal found in these areas is of low quality. The main centers of coal in this areas are dandot and pidh. Besides,some coal is also mined at ara katha chilaj pir jahania etc. Reserves are estimated at 70 million tonnes.
Makarwal coal mines:
These are second important coal mines of the punjab. The coal found here is of poor quality and reserves ate small.
Degari coal mines:
The coal found here is flow quality having more ash and sulphur content. Reserves ate estimated at 54 million tonnes.
Coal mines of sindh:
Lakhara coal mines:
The coal found here is of interior quality lignite and has a high moisture content. Reserves are about 22 million tons.
Meting jhimpor coal mines:
The seams of coal are thin and are of poor quality reserve are about 28 million tonnes.
The thar coalfield:
The thar coal field is located that desert. The deposits 6th largest coal reserves in the world were discover in 1991 by geological survey of Pakistan GSP and the United State Agency for international development. Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading country seventh in the list of top 20 countries of the world after the discovery of huge lignite coal resources in sindh. The economic coal deposits of Pakistan are one of the world's largest lignite deposits discovered by GSP in 90's spread over more than 9,000 km comprasies around 175 billion tonnes sufficient to meet country's fuel requirements for centuries......