internet

USES AND ABUSES OF INTERNET:
Internet is a network of computer systems that have been connected to each other through satellites, telephones lines and optical cables. These computers can have access to a large volume of precious and useful information. This latest scientific technology has converted the world into a global village.
Internet opreations began in 1986 when the U.S Department of Defence connected some computers through optical cable networks. Later some American Universities also enterned the Internet arena. And now the internet is popular all over the world wide countries. Out modern life without internet is hard to imagine.
Internet has given the most exciting  mode of communication to all through the E mail. We can send on Email the short form of Electronic Mailing System to all the corners of the world. Further internet can be used to collect information from various storage areas of the servers called the websites. This information could relate to busniess, entertainment,, friendship, and lesiure. Internet is also used for carrying out busniess opreation and that set of opreation is known as Electronic Commerce ( E-Com).
All the major newspaper, magzines and journals of the world are available on internet. Even our "Dawn" newspaper is available on this information superhighway . Therefore possibilities are endless. The student can enhance his knowledge about the world in a matter of few hours  while he is hooked on the internet.
Modern busniess people at work are most likely to come into contact with very early morning or can take an online class in maths. The internet has made possible to connect with other people as well as  busniess. No area of our lives are left with computer and the internet. No doubt it is the technology of the future. Internet services are available with ease and at very low prices. Students can create and maintain their own websites but for that, they would have to learn internet programming. They can learn internet opreations and try to collect only the useful information. Low cost with large volumes of  information plus high speed of access and good quality of entertainment are the list of advantages of internet. Its disadvantages  are faulty telephone networks, useless information for students and wastage of time while going through various websites....

hAZARDS OF SELF MEDICATION

HAZARDS OF SELF MEDICATION:

Everyone wishes to spend a happy life.Happiness is mainly  related with health. Health is a god blessing. For its maintenance one must be careful about the life style the way and the manner a persons lives.

A non healthy persons is suffering from a diseases are of several kinds. Some diseases are due to malnutrition some are due to over eating some are heredity in nature and many diseases are due to bacterial and fungal attack.

So for proper treatment one must have enough knowledge about various kinds of diseases and then which medicine is effective in curing that particular diseases.

A man in the street has no idea about the kinds of diseases and its medications. For example one can not diagonse the diseases by simply nothing that he or she has a  drowsiness or headache.These are symptons of diseases the same you can say about fever then it is his wrong apporach towards the treatment. Becuase fever is a symptiom of various diseases and for every diseases there is a seperate treatment or medication.

In our pakistan there is a trend mostly in villages where our 80% population resides that doctors simply note external apperance of the paitent including body temperature pulse rate and respiratory rate. Then the doctor suggest some medicine for the patient.But for proper medication, proper diagnosis is necessary which is carried out by different pathological laboratory tests. With the help of these tests a very correct diagonsis of the diseases is possible so proper medication is possible and one can be healthy within reasonable time without going into side effects in hazard.

Now with latest techinque by means of which diagonsis become rapid quick for example ultrasonic device and complete body scan using radio active isotopes.

I have an  experience of meeting one persons who lives in a village. He is also victimized of self medication. Whenever he feels some weakness in his body he immediately prepare very sweet naruours (sharbat) and drinks but he never feels full refreshments and healthy feeling.Luckily he was checked up by a doctor team visiting  his village last year. His diabetic condition was diagonsed. Now he is taking injection of insulin hormone daily to keep his sugar level normal and in control now he is quite healthy.

Diabetic diseases itself is a very complicated diseases in  a sense that some other diseases arise from it. A diabetic persons is easily attacked by other diseases like blood pressure and other heart diseases. Therefore proper medical check up under the supervision of qualified doctor as very necessary otherwise some other incurable diseases may arise and the case becomes very much complicated.

One more trend is the found to be propagating in our society that after listening the successful effectiveness of one medicines persons use the same medicine for their own treatment without consulting doctor which is very dangerous and risky.

Sometimes medicines which are used for curing one particular disease are  found to be carciongenic of medicines are very dangerous and in the body. In this way such types of medicines are very dangerous and their hazards which are prouded becomes uncontrol able........

independnceday

IMPORTANCE OF 14TH AUGUST 1947;
14th august the day of pakistan is a common day for other nations but this is most valuable day for pakistani nation in histroy of pakistan.On 14th august 1947 the world saw a new country islamic republic of pakistanas an independence country.In urdu language it is called as Yom e Istiqlal.Remember that according to islamic caleandar pakistan became on 27th of ramadan when ALLAH blessed muslims with the pious homeland.
14th August is a public day of dedication and pride for the people throughout pakistan and celebrated with great enthusiasm and devotion among on the nation.The main celebrations of this day are flag hoisting singing patriotic songs tributes to the national heroes and cultural activities.The importance of this day lies in paying tributes to the lost heroes and in raising the hopes for a bright future.All children and girls feel happy and filled with emotions on this day.They participate in events and express feelings.
Being a pakistani we must celebrate 14th august bu thanking to all mighty ALLAH for giving this homeland after immense sacrifices.

THE INDEPENDENCE ACT OF 1947;
To give effects to the plan of 3rd june 1947 the british parliament on 18th june 1947 passed the indian independence act.The important provisions of this act were as follow;
It provides for the creation of two independent dominious,pakistan and india.
The british influence came to end with the implementation of the independence act.The legislatures of the two countries were to have full powers of legislation.
Pakistan and indian goverments were to be governed in accordance eith the act of 1947 provided for the complete recession of british over indian affairs.
The army stores and other assects as well as liabilities of the indian were to be divided between the two dominios...
The british imperialism came to end the dominios were free to leave the common wealth..
The act of independence 1947 was a  great and land mark in world histroy.It changes the map of india pakistan emerged as the largest muslims state.Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was appointed the first governer general of pakistan...

future of pakistan

EXPECTATIONS FOR FUTURE PAKISTAN;
Pakistan appeared as a newly born country on 14 august 1947 on the map of the world.Pakistan achieved its independence by the continous and constant efforts of the muslims sub continent under the leadership of Quaid e Azam had organized muslim league as a political party.This party had roots in the masses to people.That is why  it had very strong influence and power to speak on natural issues.The party later on resolved into different groups and therefore party had lost its popularity and positions.
These groups started quarreling and encouraged provinicialism among the people of different regions and sections.
Now a days in pakistan more than hundred parties are active .Each party executive claims to be highly honest and makes promises to work in the national inerests.Instead of doing some constructive work the rulling party as well as the parties in opposition are generally found to be wasting their energies in silly issues.They always quarrel with each other or hurling chairs at each other and trying to win over the independent members of the assembly or members of parties in oppositions with the result that corruption and her horse trading flourished and had become a permenant feature of pakistani politics.The ruling party are always in crushing the opposition by placing false suits against them.Sometimes they entagle the nations in wrong issues and even responsible for creating civil was which results to welcome martial law which is not a good sign for the progress of country.The role of political parties in pakistan has not been very positives.In other democratic countries like america and france they behave somewhat different.In pakistan political parties has disappointed the public and for  that reasons on many occasions martial law prevailed in the country.Political reforms are very necessary to make pakistan future bright.From political reforms pakistan nations is expecting such schemes which would uplift the rural area of the country.For example village aid programme is very hopeful to make bright future of pakistan.
No body would except bright future for pakistan.If no consideration is given to the educational sector of the country.The education helps in making nation strong.Pakistan is basically on agricultural country.For this reasons technical education is very necessary to teach the students at school, colleges, and universities.......

muslim unity

MUSLIM UNITY;
It is said that united we stand divided we fall.The muslims across the world are in the premisesand shelter of islam.Islam is the religion of peace.It gives clear ideas and the best reforming laws about social and political systems.The great purpose of islam is to produce an everlasting society or state od peace in the world.It gives a clear vision about the peaceful individual and collective life.It gives the lesson of mutual understanding and respect but it also gives the lesson to the fight aganist the evils, and to establish the state of peace after making struggle war, and efforts.
After the event of 11 september and the destruction of the world trade centre in america war to win has become more expeditious.The american establishment calls their war by interfering the politics pf the countries is for a human rights.But it is actually a devilish plot to destroy the power and unity of the muslims  states.The destruction and killing in afghanistan,iraq is the part of that plot aganist the muslims.The muslims nation is the third largest nation of the world.All the nations are united  to divide the muslim nations.They know that if the muslims of the world unite, they shall surpass rest of the nations.That's why they offer devilish and attractive services in all sphares of the life to keep the muslim  sleeping and their slaves.They don't let any muslim state now to grow in any technology and provide them their own manufactured from a small pin to giant vehciles  weapons and instruments are made by them becuase according to them if they muslims get unite other nations will not progress in any positive field of life not even survive...

pakistan soon after its establishment

PROBLEMS WERE FACED BY PAKISTAN AFTER ITS ESTABLISHMENT;
EARLY DIFFICULTIES;
At the time of partition in 1947 pakistan was a newborn state and after the partition pakistan faced many problem.These problems are given below,
DEMACRATION OF BOUNDARIES;
A boundaries commision had been steup under  the chairman ship of rea cliff.This commission miss used his power and handed over the bharat many majority areas  like ferezpur, julendhar pathankot and gurdas purdistricts.It also sliced away some muslim majority areas of bangal like nadia, murshadabad districts to bharat.Thus red cliff gave a strongblow of pakistan.
COMMUNAL RIOTES;
Hindus and sikh set on fire the properties of the muslim living in the majority areas.They  organized sikh and hindus groups to attack on refuges carnavans.These are activists were aimed at weaking of pakistan .In punjab state of kaporthala bhartpur area the state troops helped the hindus and sikh bonds in the massacre of muslims.
THE PROBLEM OF REFUGEE;
The huge carnavas were plundered and wounded refugees who reached pakistan presented serious problems of blood food and lodging to the goverment.The goverment and the people joined hands and helped the refugees in every way.A rehabilitation department was set up to tackle the problem.
DIVISIONS OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES;
At the time of creating of pakistan there was a cash balance of Rs 4 billion the reserve bank of india.The bharat with the held the payment of pakistan's share of about 750 million rupees.The first installment of Rs 200 million and the second installment of rupees 500 million was paid to pakistan.The remaining amount of Rs50 million has not been paid uptill now.
CANAL WATER DISPUTE;
The sources of the rivers coming into pakistan lie in kashmir pakistan is an  agricultural country depending on canal irrigation.Bharat first threatened and then stopped water supply in 1948.This dispute continued untill 1960 and was concluded between  the two countries which is known as indus basin treaty.According to this agreement india will use the water of eastern rivers and pakistan will use the water of western rivers.

ideology of paksitan

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN IN THE LIGHT OF QUAID E AZAM'S STATEMENTS:
Pakistan is an ideological state and the ideology of pakistan is an islamic ideology.Ideology of paksitan basically means that pakistan should be a state where the muslims should have an oppurtunity to live accoroding to the faith and creed based on the islamic principles.They should have all the resources at their disposal to enhance islamic culture and cultivation.
The fundemental concept of ideology is that muslim should get a seprate identity.They should have a seperate state where they could live accroding to islamic rules and principles profess their religion freely and safeguard islamic tradition.
QUAID E AZAM AND IDEOLOGY:
In all public speeches and political discussions he said that islam is the base of our system of life.
ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR ADDRESS:
Islamia college peshawar in 1964 we did not demand pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we wanted a laboratory where we could experiment on islamic principles:
PUNJAB STUDENT FEDERATIPON ADDRESS:
In lahore 1944 I  warn the communist party to keep their hands off the muslims islam is their life.They do not want any isms.
DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM ADDRESS:
Quaid e Azam wanted to establish a democratic system based on an islamic principles. 14 feb 1942.We should base our democratic system on the principles and concept of islam.
AUSTRALIAN BROADCAST TALK:
On 9 feb  1948 he said the great majority of us are muslims we follow the teaching of the prophet MOHAMMAD P.B.U.H we are the members of the brother hood of islam in which all arre equal in rights diginity and self respect.
OPENING CEREMONY OF STATE BANK;
1ST July 1948 we must work our destiny in our own way and present to the world an economic system based on true islamic concept of equality of  manhood and social justice.We will be there by fulfilling our mission as muslim and giving to humanity the message of peace which along can save it and secure the welfare happiness and prosperity of mankind.
MASS STRUGGLE OF INDEPENDENCE:
Quaid e Azam advised the masses that they have to follow golden principles of unity faith and discipline.
QUAID E AZAM ADDRESS TO GOVERMENT OFFICERS;
On 10 oct 1947 he said it is our main aim to create a state where we should live as free human beings where we could grow and develop in the light of our culture and where the islamic concept of social justice could get a chance to rise and developed......

pakistan culture

PAKISTAN KA CULTURE;
Culture angerezi zaban ka ik alfaz hai jis k mayne hai kisi cheez ya zaat ki jismani or zehni nasunuma or islaha waqera.Aam islaha mai is saie murad insan ki zati or ijtemaie nasunuma k jumla phelo hote hai.Sakafat  saie murad kisi muasherey k afrad ka tarz e zindagi o tamudun ka hasan hota hai.Is mai wo tamam amur shamil hothey hai jin saie is muashery k afrad k jamaliyati zoq tafreehi shoq  or fani muharat ka andaz lagaya ja sakta hai.Culture ik kal hota hai.Jis mai is basney walon aqayed aloom tarzmuasherat am muamlat zindagi fanon o hunar qawaneen karz e tamam iradi or ghaier iradi afal ksi na ksi tor shamil hai.
Ksi qouam ki shinakt is ka culture hota hai.Yaie is qouam ki wo qadar mushtarik hai jis saie na sirf is ki phechan hoti hai.Balke dosrey muashero saie mamyez haiseyat ki shinakt bhi hothi hai.Qouami culture ki shinakt mai pheli ugai fard hota hai.Culture is ki zindagi ka maqsad asool or iqdar muyen  karney mai madad karta hai.Yahi rwaya ik qouami souch or ijtemai takhlek ko janam deta hai.Chothey barey elakai culture or muasrati ikyayan ik dosrey saie hum ahing ho kar ik wasie tar rishtey mai namodar ho kar qouami satha par uth jati hai.
Pakistani sakafat k mukhtalaf pheloeo  ko samjhney kaie liye zarori hai kaie hum is ki tarekh naiez pakistan ka culture.
ISLAMI TALEMAAT KI HAR JEHAT SAIE IS PAR ASRAT KA MUKHTASIRN JAIZA LAIE;
CULTURE INSANI KA AGHAZ;

Insan ibteda mai hewano ki si zindagi basar karta tha or na sirf mehz bunyadi zaroriyat ko hi pura karna janta tha balke in zaroriyat ki bar awary  ka andaza bhi gier mehzbana tha.Ahista ahista insan naie ijtemai satha aor apney ap ko manzam karna shuru kiya.Yahi wo dor rhey jab mehzab zindagi ka aghaz hua.Insani tehzib ka yaie aghaz in ilako saie hua jaha ab o hawa or degar geography halat nisbatan behtar zindagi kaie liye mawafik hai.

energy & power resources

NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF DAMS;
They lead to the displacement of humans,plants,animals,chiefly,from small tribal commiunities disprupt downstream fisheries increase the risk of earthquakes submerg forest land increase the spread of insect borne diseases and theeaten the fragile regional ecosystem through reducing the flow of water from the rivers into the seas.These projects intially devastate human lives and biodiversity by inundating thousands of acres of forests and agriculture land.They degrade the fertile agriculture soils due to continous irrigation rather the seasonal irrigation which is dependent on the monsoon and increasing salinity making the soil toxic to many plant species.
displaces many people
loss of arable land
salinity increase in irrigated land
may damage river and estuary fisheries
reduces water flow 
destroys prime agriculture lands
destroys riverine eclogies and habitat
destroys historic and archaeological sites
may damage down stream ecologies
including estuary fisheries
disrupts existing infrastructure
can increase the needs for fertilizer and thus increasing the incident of pollution.
Thermal electricity:
The thermal power station are generating electricity by gas oil and coal in pakistan.
Production of thermal electricity:
The 49.8% of the total electricity is produced by thermal power. The thermal power production is 4921MW in Pakistan.
Coal uses and reserves:
Coal is described as the mother of modern industry. It is at the back of the rapid industrial development of the great industrial power which might not have been possible without its presence. Coal is unique among natural products in the number of uses to which it can be put. The main function of coal is to run the factories the locomotives and the steam ships.Supplying heat for domestic purposes is of secondary importance. A part from these coal tardyes perfumes colour films sewing thread and typewriter ribbons are some of the 200,000 by products derived from coal.
Coal mines of the Punjab:
Salt range mines:
The coal found in these areas is of low quality. The main centers of coal in this areas are dandot and pidh. Besides,some coal is also mined at ara katha chilaj pir jahania etc. Reserves are estimated at 70 million tonnes.
Makarwal coal mines:
These are second important coal mines of the punjab. The coal found here is of poor quality and reserves ate small.
Degari coal mines:
The coal found here is flow quality having more ash and sulphur content. Reserves ate estimated at 54 million tonnes.
Coal mines of sindh:
Lakhara coal mines:
The coal found here is of interior quality lignite and has a high moisture content. Reserves are about 22 million tons.
Meting jhimpor coal mines:
The seams of coal are thin and are of poor quality reserve are about 28 million tonnes.
The thar coalfield:
The thar coal field is located that desert. The deposits 6th largest coal reserves in the world were discover in 1991 by geological survey of Pakistan GSP and the United State Agency for international development. Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading country seventh in the list of top 20 countries of the world after the discovery of huge lignite coal resources in sindh. The economic coal deposits of Pakistan are one of the world's largest lignite deposits discovered by GSP in 90's spread over more than 9,000 km comprasies around 175 billion tonnes sufficient to meet country's fuel requirements for centuries......

agriculture resources

EDIBLE OIL;
COOKING OIL;
Cooking oil is plant animal or syentic fat used in frying baking and other types of cooking.It is bread dips, and in  this sese might be more accurately termed edible oil.They are also important for industrial purposes.Although the vegetable oil have been  used for ages but the commercial value of the oils contained in the vast number of plants has recently been used for appreciate.The increased demand has caused enormous  increase in the production of vegetable oils.Most of them are extracted from the fruits or seeds of plants of all sizes which grow in many parts of the world under varied condition of climate and soil.Most of the crops from which oil is extracted have been grown for centuries but few of them are regarded solely as producers of oils,such as  coconut, palm nut, mustradsrape seeds, soya beans and olive etc.Though they are used for different purposes buut oil has been regarded as their main products.Palmoil in wet tropical areas, rapeseeds in sub tropical areas olive in mediterrianean areas and soya bean in temperature areas are grown basically for oil.Some vegetable oils are the by products of other crops e.g. cotton seeds.Cotton is grown for the fiber not for tthe sake of seeds but oil is extracted from cotton seeds.
Oils from vegetables sources are now obtained more easily by technical improvement and quality of oil has also been improved,with the increase in demand and oil producers of tropical and temperature countries have intensified production and increased efficiency aand improved the quality of the oil produced.For example south east asian countries have improved their plam oils while USA's outputs of soya bean have expanded by more than three to four times and russia has given more attention to increase the production of sun flower.....

the international date line

THE INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE;
The IDL is an imaginary line on the surface of the earth opposite the prime meridian o degree where the date changes as one travels east or west acrossit.Roughly aliong 180 degree longitude with diversions to pass around some territories and land groups it mostly correspound to the time zone boundary separating -12 and + 12 hours coordinateduniverrsal time  UTC greenwich mean time GMT crossing The IDL traveling east resultsin a day or 24 hours being substracted so traveler repeats the date and crossing west result in a day being added.The line is necessary in orderto have a fixed boundary  on the globe where the calendar date resets.
GREENWICH MEAN TIME GMT;
The local time at greenwich londin located on the prime meridian 0 degree longitude from which the standard times of different areas of the globe are calculated 15 degree longitude representing one hour in time.
REGION;
GEOGRAPHICAL REGION OR GEOGRAPHICAL ZONE;
A fairly homogeneous geographical area is called geographical zone  or region.In geography regions can be broadly divided by physical chracteristics physicalregion human impact chracteristics cultural region and the interaction of the people and the enviroment enviromental region.There are five major regions of the earth divided on the basis of latitudes.The difference between them relate to climate and the behaviour of the sun....

earth

EQUATOR;
An imaginary line around the equator forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles OR the equatoris the boundary between the northern and southern hemisphere.The area near the equator both in northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere is called equatorial region.
TROPIC OF CANCER;
A line of latitude about 23 1/2 degrees to the north of the equator.
TROPIC OF CAPRICORN;
A line of latitude  about 23 1/2 to the south of the equator.
Either of two paralles of latitude about 23.5 degrees to the north and the south of the equator representing the points farthest north and south at which the sun can shine directly over headand consitituting the boundairesof the torrid zone or tropics...

earth

COMPASS;
A device for determining the direction of margnetic north.But usually we use it for finding the basic directions NORTH, SOUTH,EAST and  WEST. The magnetic compass which has been in use as an aid to navigation probaly since the 2nd century BC, consists of a magenetic needle balanced on a point allowing it to pivot freely.The south end of the magnet indicates magnetic north as shown on a card called a compass card marked with the points of the compass and fixed beloww it .
For more detail about a comapass; See appendix-1

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE;
These are the imaginery reference lines.The location of any place can be fixed by known as latitude and longitude.
LATITUDEshown as a horizontal lines is the angular distance in degrees minutes and seconds of a point north or south of the equator.They are the imaginery parellel lines around the earth in the east to west  direction.
LONGITUDE shown as a vetical line is the angular distance in degreed minutes and seconds of a point east or westt of the prime greenwich meridian.
The vertical londitude lines are also known as meridians.They converage at the poles and are widest at the equator about 111 km apart.Zero degrees longitude is located at greenwich england 0 degree.The degree continue 180 degree east  and 180 degree west where they meet and form the international date line in the pacific ocean.
DISTANCE BETWEEN LINES;
If you divide the cirumference of the earth apporximately 25,000 miles by 360 degree, the distance on the earth's surface for each one degree of latitude or longitude is just over 69 miles 111 km at equator.
As you move north or south of the equator distances between the lines of longitude gets shorter until they actually meet at the poles.
MINUTES AND SECONDS;
For precision purposes degree of longitude and latitude have been divided into minutes ' and seconds ".There are 60 minutes in each degree.Ech minute is divided into 60 seconds.For example S.M.A/C college at karachi,sindh pakistan is located at 24 degrees 51 minutes and 05 seconds north of the equator latitude reading and 67 degrees 00 minutes and 10 seconds east of the prime meridian.....

world

PACIFIC OCEAN;
It is the largest ocean of the world extending from the arctic in the north to suouthern iccean in the south.Covering  169.2 million square kilometers  it is larger than all of the earth's land area comibned.

ATLANTIC OCEAN;
It is the seconf largest occean covering 106.4 million square kilometers with a coastime of 111,000 kilometers.It occupies about 20% of the earth's surface.The occean has some of the world's richest fishing resources especially in the water covering the shelves.
INDIAN OCEAN;
It is the third largest ocean 73,556,000 square kilometers or about twenty percent of the water on the earth's surface.The occean's continental shelves are narrow averaging 200 kilometers 120 mi in the width.The average depth of the occean is 3,890 meters 12.760 feet.

SOUTHERN OCEAN;
It is the  fourth largest ocean covering 20,327,000 square kilometers.It has limited areas of shallow water.The antarctic circumpolar  current moves perpetually eastward chasing and joining by itself.It is the world's longest ocean current; transporting 130 million cubic meters per second 100 times the flow of the entire world's river.

ARCTIC OCEAN;
It is the smallest of the world's five major oceans.Almost completely surrounded by eurasia and north america it is  largely covered by sea ice throughout the year.Its temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and  freezes.
The area has a fragile ecosystem which is slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage.The arctic ocean has relatively little plants life except for phytoplankton. Nutrients from rivers  and the currents of the atlantic and pacific oceans provide food  for the  arctic phytoplankton.To study about any active site, location etc on the earth the knowledge and understanding of some basic terms is a part and parcel for the students.So you are advised to go through the following terms and try to make out them .

natural resources & and their exploitation

ENERGY AND POWER RESOURCES:
Pakistan ha a total installed generation capacity of 21,000 MWh in 2012.However dependable orde rated capacity is in the range of 14,000 to 16,000 MW during the year due to variety of factors,whereas demand fo electricity is increasing at an average annual rate of eight per cent.And accroding to world energy  statistics 2011, published by IEA, paksitan's per captita electricity consumption is one sixth of the world average.World average per capita electricity consumption is 2730 KWh compared to pakistani's per capita electricity consumption of 451KWh.The 40% of the people of pakistan  still have no access to electricity.
IMPORTANCE OF POWER/ENERGY.
no industry can run without  power/energy.All machines require energy to operate them.No agriculture macine can function without it.Tube wells tractors trolleys threshersall requires energy i.e electricity diesel or petrol.No transport and communication service such as trucks cars railways or aero plane can operate without energy/petrol/diesel etc.No domestic appliances such as electric bulbs televisions fridge juicers and blenders can function without the use of energy/electricity...

international commerce of pakistan

EXPORT:
Export measure the amount of goods or seervices that domestic producers provide to forgein consumer.It is a good that is sent to another for sale.
PAKISTAN EXPORT:
Accoroding to the pakistan bureau of statistics historically from 1957 until 2012 pakistan exports averaged 30238.13PKR million reaching an all time high of 210208 PKR million in march of 2011 and a record low of 51 PKR million in april of 1958.
MAIN EXPORT IN PAKISTAN;
Cotton and kaniwear 28% of total exports  bed waer, carpets and rugs 8% and rice8%.Others include; leather, fish, sports goods and fruits and vegetables.
MAIN EXPORT PARTNER;
United States 15% united arab emirates 10% afghanistan 9.5% china 9% united kingdom 3% and germany 2%.

IMPORTS;
An imports is any good or service brought into one country from another country in  a legitimate fashione typically for use in trade.Import goods or services are provide to domestic consumers by foregin producers.Import of goods normally requires involvement of the customs authorities in both the country of import and the coountry of export and is often subject to import quotas traffis and trade agreements.
PAKISTAN IMPORTS;
Imports in pakistan is reported by the pakistan bureau of  statics.Historically from 1957 until 2012 pakistan imports averaged 49871.94 PKR million reaching an all time high of 380672.13PKR million  in december of 2011 and a record low of 96 PKR million in april of 1959.
Pakistan main imports;fuel 40%of total imports machinery and transport equipment 18% chemicals 16% food and animal or vegetables oils 13% and manufactured goods 12%.
Main import partner;united arab emirates 17% china 15% saudi arabia 11% and kuwait 9%.Others include malaysia, japan, india, and united states.

pia passenger traffic

PIA PASSENGERTRAFFIC:

PIA serves 25 domestic destinations and 38 international desrinations in 27 countries across asia, europe,north america as of august 2011 from its home bases of karachi, lahore, islamabad,faislabad , and peshawar.

Dubai is a major focus city for the airline with flights to bhawalpur, dera ghazi khan, faislabad. islamabad, karachi, lahore,multan,peshawar,quetta and sialkot.

Passenger traffic has been more or less static over the last five years covering around the five and a half million mark with a load factor of around 70%.The comapny's annual revenue breakdown for 2010 was; 89% is from passenger traffic with just 6% from cargo.The remaining 5.5%  is from exces baggage charges,charter,engineering and other services.

WATER TRANSPORTATION OF PAKISTAN;

The waterway network in pakistan is its in infancy with karachi being the only major city situtated next to the arabian sea.Still plans are being proposed for the development  of the waterways in the country along the indus river and through the punjab as it would boost employment opportunities and the economic and social development of pakistan.

THE KPT;

The karachi port is administrated by a board of trustees comprising chairman and 10 trustees.The chairman is appointed by the federal goverment and is also the cheif executive of karachi port trust.The remaining 10 trustees are equally distributed between the public and the private sector.The five public sector trustees are nominated by the federal goverment.The seats  for private sector trustees are filled by elected representatives of various private sector organizations.This way all ports users find a representation in the board of trustees.

As the new generation of containers ships comes on the drawing boards.karachi ports takes the initiative of bracing itself to handle and cater for fifth and sixth generation ships.The invloves the development of a deep water container port a keamari, which is the natural choice for such a port.Ten berths at 18m depth with 5km of quay wal have been planned.The project shall be carried out in phases and on public private partnerships ppp.Total cost of the project is US$1.6billion.In phase i,four beths with 1500m quay wall is planned to be constructed.Project is scheduled for completion in 2013.......

air transport of pakistan

AIR TRANSPORT OF PAKISTAN;
The paksitan aviation industry was started up when orient airways with pakistan international airlines corporation PIAC to become the national flag carrier of pakistan called pakistan international airlines PIA.PIA remained the only operator for many years after its creation but soon private airlines started their operation to complete with the PIA as condition of the country stabilized.
After 1990 there was a major growth in the pakistani avaition market in the four new private airlines launching operations.The airlines did very well to complete with the well established national airlines PIA.However this was not to last as the UN placed economic sanctions on pakistan that caused the airline,market suffer.It caused two of the four airlines to the file for bankruptecy and liquidates their assects.The airlines industry remained  quite stable  with PIA developing a strong hold on the international and domestic market for many years.It was not until the early 21th century that the industry started to pick up again that allowed the entry of a new carrier in the market , airblue which launched operations with new state of the art  aircraft.
At present airblue, pakistan international airlines, and shaheen air international are the major.Pakistan based airlines providing services to passengers and handling cargo both domestic and international.
Pakistan civil aviation authority CAA is regulator authority under the control of ministry of defence of pakistan which oversees and regulates all aspects of civil avitation in pakistan.Nearly all civilian airports in pakistan are owned and operated by the CAA.The headquarters of the civil aviation authority is located at pakistan's largest airports,Jinnah International Airport, Karachi.
CAA is a member of the international  civil avaition organisation ICAO.
According to service perfomances survey SPS a recent survey conducted by singapore airlines, the allama iqbal international airport lahore is ranked the world's leading airports in terms of service perfomances out of 18 airports from around the world including dubai airport, cape town airport,mumbai air port and campbell airport UK for its goods terminal services and effective management.

freight handling

FREIGHT HANDLING;
The freight busniess unit with 12,000 personnel, operates over 200 freight stations on the railway network.The unit serves the posts of karachi and  bin qasim as well as all four provinces of the country and generates revenue from the movement of agricultural industrial and imported products such as petroleum oil& lubricants POL wheat,coal,fertilizer,rock phosphate,cement and sugar.About 39% of the revenue is generated from the transportation of POL products 19% from imported wheat,fertilizer and rock phosphate.The remaining 42% is earned from domestic traffic.

MAJOR STATIONS AND JUNCTIONS;
A railway junction is a type of railway stations from where at least two different routes avaible for an up or down train.An up train means a train route from south to north and vice versa.All the trains have been given a number to recognize and up or down train.
PESHAWAR KARACHI DOWN TRACK;
peshawar, rawalpindi, jehlum, lalamusa junctions, wazirabad junction, gujranwala, lahor junction, raiwind junction,sahiwal, khanewal junction , multan cantt, lodhran junction, bahawalpur, khanpur junction, sadiqabad, rohri junction, khairpur , nawabshahjunction, shahdadpur,hyderabad junction, kotri junction, karachi canttt, karachi city...
KARACHI QUETTA UP TRACK;
from karachi to rohri junction, sukkar, shikarpur,jacobabad junction, sibi junctions, dera murad jamali, machh, quetta city.
INTERNATIONAL ROUTES;
IRAN: a board gauge railway line runs from zahedan to quetta and a standard gauge line is finished from zahedan to kerman in central iran linking with the rest of the iranian rail network.
INDIA:  two trains operate to india the samjhauta express between delhi and lahore, and the thar express between jodhpur and karachi via mirpurkhas khokrapar.

transportation of pakistan

HISTROY OF RAIL TRANSPORT IN PAKISTAN;
Sir henry edward frere, the commissioner of sindh requested lord dalhousie to begin a survey for a karachi seaport and a survey for a railway line in 1858.On may 13th 1861 the first railway line was opened to the public between karachi and kotri with a distance of 169 km. By 1898 the ntwork began to grow from peshawar to karachi.During the early 20th century railway lines were also laid down between peshawar and rawalpindi and rawalpindi to lahore.Different sections are on the existing main line from peshawar and branch lines were constructed in the last quarter of 19th century and early 20th century.
In 1947, At the time of independence there were 5,048 route miles 8,122 km in pakistan.
In 1954 the railway line was extented to mardan and charsada and in 1956 the jaxobabad kashmore 2 ft 6 in 762 mm gauge line was converted into board gaguge.In 1961 the pakistani portion of north western railway was renamed pakistan railways.The kot adu kashmor line was constructed between 1969 providing an alternative route from karachi to northern pakistan.At present the railway network comprises 8,163 km of which 5vft 6 in broad gauge froms 7,718 km including 293 km of electrified track 1 meter narrow gauge tracks from the remaining 445 km.

PRESENT SITUATION OF PAKISTAN [PR];
At present the organization is brankrupt and has all freight and many passenger services in a cost cutting measure.As of mid 2011,it was decided to stop all goods train haulage due to servere shortage of locomotives and fuel.The fianancially bankrupt organization , despite bailouts has not been able to energe out its troubles to cancellation of as many as 115 railway services...

PASSENGER TRAFFIC;
Passenger traffic comprises 50% of the total revenue annually.During 2009-2010 this amounted to Rs. 4.8 billion.Pakistan railway carries 65 million passengers annually and opreates 228 mail,express and passenger trains daily.PR carriesan average of 178,000 people  daily.Pakistan railways also opreates special  trains during  occasions such as Eid ul Fitr, Eid ul Azha, Independence day and Raiwind ijtema.