energy&power resources

Energy:

Energy is the ability to do work I.e the more energy a device has the more work it can do. When we say that something has energy, we mean that it is capable of producing heat or exerting a force one something else and doing work on it.

Power:

Power is work over time. The power is how much work can be done in a unit time. Or

Power is how much energy is used in a unit of time e.g Kilowatts per Hour.

There are two types of resources of energy in the world renewable energy resources and non renewable energy resources.

Suitability and availability of the resources:

There are pros and cons in using both renewable energy resources and non renewable energy resources. First let s look at renewable energy. The obvious advantage of it is that wind sun ocean and geothermal energy is in abundance and completely free of charge. Secondly renewable energy  source have very low or zero carbon emissions so they are environment friendly. Thirdly it isn't necessary to rely on any country to supply renewable energy resources unlike its non renewable counterparts.

However things are not all so easy with renewable energy resources. First of all it is quite difficult set up to get any of these resources to generate energy and the starting costs can be a huge amount comparatively. As in the case of solar energy it can only be generated during the day which completely excuses night time and the rainy season. And to utilize wind energy we have to depend on strong winds so choosing the right place for the set up can be challenging.

The obvious advantage of non renewable energy resources is that they are ready cheap and easy to use. It is also cheap to convert one non renewable energy type to another. However a major disadvantages of non renewable energy source is that are finite and will expire sometimes in the future petroleum 40 years , Natural gas 165 years , Coal 416 years.this will make a price of these energy sources increase dramatically. They also cause servers environmental changes and are in a large way responsible for climate change and global warming. Non renewable energy resources can have a serious impact on human health as they are certainly not environmentally friendly.

agricultural resources

Agricultural resources:
The science or occupation of cultivating land and rearing crops and livestock..
The term agricultural resources means:
All the primary means of production including the land soil water air plant communities watersheds human resources natural and physical attributes and man made development which together comprise the agricultural community.
All the benefits dervied from agricultural lands and enterprise including cultivated and gathered food products fibers horticulture products dyes cultural or religious condiments medicine water aesthetic and other traditional values of agricultural.

Food resources:
Food resources means any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. They are usually of plant or animal origin and contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates,fats,protein, vitamins, or minerals.
For a long history people secured their food through two method hunting and gathering. And agricultural provided them a better way for getting food. Today most, of the food energy consumed by the world population is supplied by the food industry.
What is crop?
A crop can be defined as The growing of plants on a large scale for food clothing industrial purpose and for other human uses. They are grown to be harvested  as food livestock fodder fuel or for any other commercial purpose I.e. for use as dyes medicinal and cosmetic use.
On basis of their use the crops may be classified into two broad groups.
Food crops:
1 cereals: wheat,rice,maize,millet,rye,oats,barley,sorghum.
2 beverages: 
Tea,coffee,cocoa
3 others:
Tobacco, Sugarcane,oil seeds etc.
4 perishable items:
Vegetables, fruits etc.
Industrial crops:
1 fiber crops:
Cotton,jute,hemp,flax,silk and wool.
2 miscellaneous:
Rubber.
Some important crops included in this chapter:
Wheat, Rice,Sugarcane, Tea,Edible oils, Cotton and Rubber..

textile industry development in india

Today textile is the largest organized industry in india. It employees more than 35 million workers and has more than 34 spindles and 2 million looms. More significantly it is one of India major sources of forgein exchange, being the second largest exporting largest exporting industry and accounting for about 20 percent of the total foreign exchange earning of the country. Indian textile are exported all over the worls. In fact the marked increase in the export of finished goods and garments is the most note worthy and encouraging features of the Indian cotton industry emergency on the world markets.
Major areas:
Maharashtra&Gujarat, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and U.P.

textile industry development in China

textile industry development in China:

China textile and appeal industry is an important livelihood and pillar industries in order to make a great contributions to national economic development. China is the wotrls largest textile and clothing and the largest fiber production, processing and manufacturing county. Since 2000 China textile industry after eight years of rapid development textile fiber processing volume from 2000 to 13.6 million tons reached in 2008 about 36 million tons according for 40% of the world. Over the past eight years an increase of 22.4 million tons is 1.7 time the past 50 years China per capita fiber consumption of 6.6 kilograms from 2000 to 2008 has reached 15 kilograms the textile industry has become a pillar industry of national economic development and people livelohood industries. China textile and garment industry is the people livelihood of the agro industry.

Major areas:

 Shanghai, Manchuria, Tientsin, Hankow, Canton and Naking....

fishing industry/ fishery

Fishery:
A place where fish is bred a fish hatechery
                        Or
The occupation or an industry of catching processing or selling fish or shellfish. Or 
A work place where fish are caught and processed and sold.
Fishing:
It is the techniques occupation Or diversions of catching fish.
After gathering and with hunting fishing is a ore historic practice of ancient man. At that time fishing was a major source of food. The old river Nile was full of fish fresh and dried fish were a staple food for much of the population. Fishing techniques include hand gathering. Fishing with spear and many others.
The fish industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking,culturing, processing, preserving,storing,transporting,marketing or selling fish or fish products.
Directly or indirectly the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture.

irrigation

Pakistan is a land of abundant natural resources. A country blessed with enchanting beauty. It has got all the natural wonder from hot dessert to freezing glaciers plains to mountain ranges coastal areas to forests beautiful lakes to long rivers. In Pakistan BECUASE water is scarce irrigation has become a neccessity. Both ground water and surface water is used for irrigation. Wells, tube wells and karez tap the ground water.canals diversion canals and sailable irrigation through flood water are used to re channel the surface water flowing into streams.

Lift irrigation:
One of the oldest method of irrigation in Pakistan is lift irrigation. In early times water was lifted by hand in a bucket attached to a shallow wells and ditches.BECUASE it involved a considerable amount of labour only a small area of land could be irrigated. 
An improved in this method was effected with the shaduf. The shaduf consists of a bucket suspended by a rope from one ends of a pole. A weight like a rock is placed at the other end of the pole. The pole is suspended on a y shaped post at a well or a river bank. The bucket is dipped into the water by hand and the weight at the other end of the pole helps to lift it up.

Tube wells: 
tube wells can tap water up to depths of several hundred meters and is operated by diesel or electric motors. In 1947 there were virtually no tube wells in Pakistan. The tube well emerged as an effective means of irrigation in 1953-54 when 0.2 million hectares of land were irrigated with this method. Since then it has made steady progress. From the mid 1960 to today tube wells have become the leading means of irrigation after canals. In 1999-2000 tube wells of very large tractas of land like canal irrigation........

maize

Maize is the highest yielding cereal crop in the world. It is of significant importance for countries like Pakistan where rapidly increasing population has already out stripped available for food supplies. In Pakistan maize is third important cereal after wheat and rice. Maize account for 4.8% of the total cropped area and 3.5 of the value of agricultural output. It is planted on an estimated area of 0.9 million hectare with an annual production of 1.3 million tons. The bulk 97% of the total production comes from two major provinces,kpk,accounting for 57% of the total area and 68% of total production. The Punjab contributes 38% acreage with 30% of total maize grain production. Very little maize 2-3% is produced in the province of Sindh and Baluchistan. Though not included in Pakistan offical statistics maize is an important crop of AJK with about 0.122 million hectare of maize being planted  during karif.
Maize cultivation if Pakistan:
Approximately 65% of maize in Pakistan has access to irrigation. The reminder is farmed under strictly rained conditions. Eighty four percent of the maize production in Pakistan is concentrated in two principal geographic clusters.11 district in kpk/northern Punjab and 9 districts in the central Punjab.
In Pakistan maize is cultivated as a multipurpose food and forage crop. Apart from human consumption. Maize has an increasing demand from strach, glucose, and oil manufacturing industries. It is also fed to cattle!!!!!!

sugar cane

Sugarcane:
Sugar cane is an important cash crop of Pakistan. All available evidence indicate that sugarcane originated indo-pak subcontinent. The description of sugarcane is found in the Indian mythological literature of 1000 BC.

Sugarcane cultivation:
Although it is a plant of tropical region but it can be cultivated in sub tropical  areas. In Pakistan sugarcane is cultivated in the spring season in the month of February or March. It is harvested in November or December. Sugarcane is included in both rabi and kharif crops. It is a type of long grass perennial in nature. The first crop is called plant cane and the succeeding crops are called RATOON crops. Generally good yields from ratoon crops are obtained only in one or two years.
Uses of sugared:
Sugarcane is used for Sweeting's purposes. It is the most important and cheapest source of refined sugar,gur,alcohol,and desi shakkar are the also prepared from sugarcane. The left out stalk fibers bagasse are used in the papers industries chip board making or as fuel and cattle food.
Pakistan occupied an important position in cane production countries of the world. It rnks at the fifth position in cane acreage and production and almost 15th position in sugar production. A comparison ofcane yield and sugar recovery in some cane growing  countries is given in the table belowe.!!!  

raw material

Raw material:

In the 19 century manufacturing industry located near the source of a material eg iron ore or near a coalfield. Today most secondary industry is located near ports for example petrol chemical plant in Rotterdam Export Processing near port Qasim Karachi BECUASE raw material are often imported. There are relatively few new industrial plants which are tied to raw material location.

However, industrial location is strongly influenced by inertia a traditional locations may be occupied long after the original reason for choosing it has gone especially where raw materials played a major role in the choice of original location.

 Energy or power: Early  industrial location were inseparable from source of energy BECUASE power was the least transportable resources. Industry had to be located near fast flowing rivers or coal reserve. As technology developed, industrial location changed to suit new supplies of energy available. The metallurgy industries such as iron and steel are good example of this. At first a location within a forest was essential for charcoal supplies to smelt the iron. Later when steam technology developed the steel industries had to move to coalfield. Once supplies of electricity were distributed through national grids across the countries industry was no longer tied to sources of energy. Modern steel industries have relocated to coastal sites because  the choice of locations is now mainly influenced by distance from raw material and market. As electricity can be transported long distance cheaply there has been an increase in the proportion of industries which have a free choice of location.

Transport:

Water transport has traditionally been the cheapest way to transport good in bulk. Canal river port or coastal location were therefore strongly favoured as location for early secondary industries. With the gradual development of railway road and air transport network the influence of transport on industrial location within a region has become a very complex one. Companies strive to keep their transport cost as low as possible whether transporting raw material product personnel or information. Minimizing transport cost might mean selecting central rather than a peripheral location within a country  region or urban area so that the factory is near the market since costs increase may be bulkier or heavier than the finished products eg iron ore processed into steel wire and sugarcane into sugar so it may be cheaper to locate near the raw material source!!!

iron

This is a feat in today's scientific and modern era iron has great importance. The industrial revolution was started and reached to height BECUASE of iron. Iron is used more than any metal. Man is using iron from thousands of years.
Importance of Iron Ore:
Today iron is significant used in ship rail planes numerous machine and various industries. Without iron no country could live on in term of economic social and military perspective. Iron is usually found in form of ores and it used significantly for steel production. All iron ores which contain less than 40% of iron proportion are insignificant for commercial purpose.
Importance Iron Ores:
Iron ore is a mineral substance which heated and processed yield metallic iron (fe). It almost always consists of iron oxides.; different iron ores contain different percentage of iron substance. On the basis of this proportion following four compounds are important. These are magnetic hematite siderite and limonite. 
Magnetite:
This iron ore contain rich iron proportion more than 70% are found in black colour Sweden is famous for this iron ore.
Hematite:
This iron ore contains 70% of iron and usually found in red color Australia USA and India are important countries for this ore.
Limonite:
In this type of iron ore iron proportion found about 50% and it occur in yellowish brown color.
Siderite:
This type of iron ore contains about 40-48% of iron and it's found in brown color.
Major reserve:
There are five major reserve world wide.
1 hamersley basin in Western Australia.
2 lake superior region in North America.
3 transversal region in South Africa.
4 krivoy dog region in the Ukraine.
5 minas gerais region in Brazil..

Mineral Resources

Mineral are characterized as solid inorganic naturally occurring substance with a definite chemical formula and general structure.
There are more than 2000 known minerals scartted very unevenly throughout the earth. They have certain physical and chemical properties that differentiate them for one another. Minerals vary in color hardness density crystal from crystal size transparency composition location and abundance. Some mineral are radioactive while others are magnetic. Some are uncombined elements such as gold silver sulphur bismuth copper and platinum.
Mineral are precious so every country tries to obtain their mineral resources,and mostly they are used as raw material. Now industrial requirement is great so mineral importance is raised as well.
Classification of Mineral:
Mineral range in compose from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates in more than 2000 known forms. The study of mineral is called mineralogy. The following table shows mineral classification.
Types of mineral:                      
1 power.   
2 basic metal
3 ferrous alloy  metals
4 non ferrous alloy metal
5   non metallic mineral
6 precious mineral