solar energy

Solar energy:

Solar energy technologies include solar heating solar photovoltaic solar thermal electricity and solar architecture which can make considerable contributions in solving some of the most urgent problems the word is now facing. The international energy agency projected that solar power could provide a third of the global final energy demd after 2060 while carbon dioxide emissions would be reduced to very low levels.

 Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way the capture convert and distributed solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels Nelli's Solar power  plant in the United's States one of the largest photovoltaic power plants in North America and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the sun selecting with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties and designing spaces that naturally circulates air.

Geothermal:
Heat under the ground used to heat water and make steam to turn generator turbine and make electricity.
Super heated water or stream from earth interior utilized in running the turbines of a conventional power plant to generated electricity.
Such plant are usually small and suitable only for the needs  of a local community Iceland Italy New Zealand Russia and US are among the few countries having the right sized geothermal energy fields.!!!!

hydroelectricity

Hydro electricity:

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower the production of electrical power through the usebof the gravitational force of falling through dam or flowing water rumn of the river. It is the most widely used from of renewable energy accounting for 16 percent of global electricity consumption and 3,427 terawatt hours of electricity production in 2010 which continue the rapid of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009.

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries with the Asia Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010 China is the largest hydroelectricity producer with 721 terawatt hours of production in 2010 representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10GW: Three Gorges dam in China, Itaipu dam in Brazil and Guri dam in Venezuela.

Wind power:

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually with a worldwide installed capacity of 238,351 megawatts MW at the end of 2011 and is widely used in Europe Asia and the United's States. Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark 18% in Portugal 16% in Spain 14% in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010. As of 2011 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.

nuclear power

Nuclear power:

Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provided about 6% of the words energy and 1314% of the worlds electricity with the U.S., France ,and Japan  together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity. In 2009 the IAEA reported there were 439 nuclear power reactors in operations in the world...

selected industries

Iron and Steel industry:

Iron and steel although closely related are not the same things. Iron being as iron ore which is melted in a blast furance and blown through with air. Then it is manipulated so as to limit its content of carbon and other impurities. Steel is a particular kind of iron that has approximately one percent carbon with the carbon content spread throughout the metal evenly. Steels is harder than iron and does not trust easily. However steel was harder to make than iron.

Major factors for industrial location:

Raw material: Raw iron ore,coal and limestone.

The raw ore is removed from the earth and sized into pieces that range from 0.5 to 1.5 inches. There are four main types of iron ore deposits worked currently. These are magnetite goethite/limonite, hematite and siderite ironestone deposit. Currently magnetite iron ore is mained in Mesabi range Minnesota and Michigan in the U.S. Lorraine in France eastern Canada and in Brazil which exports significant quantities to Asia and there is a larger magnetite iron ore industry in Australia. Hematite is currently exploited on all continents except Antarctica with the largest intensity in south America Australia and Asia . A few iron ore deposits notably in Chile are formed from volcanic flows containing significant accumulation of magnetite. Chilean magnetite in iron ore deposit within the Atacama dessert have also formed alluvial accumulation of magnetite in streams leading from these volcanic formation. There are several granite associated deposit of this nature in Malaysia and Indonesia.

Coal and lime stone are two other important raw material for iron making.

Availability of water and large tracts of land:

Water is required for cooling and washing. Thus the nearness to a river lake or a coastal site is necessary for industry. Large tracts of level land are also necessary for the iron and steel works as the various operations connected with production of iron and steel cannot be carried on in a limited  area. For example the steels mill of Karachi covers an area of 18,623 acres of land. 

fish farming

Fish farming:
Fish farming is the principal  from of aquaculture while other methods any may fall under Mari culture. It involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures usually for food. Fish species continents raised by fish farms include Atlantic, salmon,crap,tilapia,catfish,trout and others. Increase demands on wild alternative solution to the increase market demand for fish and fish protein.
Economic importance of fresh water fisheries:
Some fisheries such as the great lakes in North America and lake Victoria in Africa support a commercial  harvest that is exposed and marketed away from the source. Other fisheries produce large quantities of fish but most or all of the catch is consumed locally so the economic importance is harder measure. Examples of the latter include the Amazon and its tributaries in South America the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) in China the tonle Sap River in Cambodia and the Mekong River in Vietnam.
Steelhead trout are one of the important cold water fish species in Lake Michigan. Lake Michigan steelheads are wild hybrids. Fish from the Amazon also is an important export to Asian countries especially Japan .
Threats to fresh water fisheries:
Worldwide all fisheries are threatened by various factors. Pollution loss of habitat invasive species parasites illegal fishing methods depleted wild and over fishing are some of the more serious threats.

aquaculture

Aquaculture:
According to the FAO , aquaculture is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organism of aquatic organism such as fish molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and SALT water population under controlled conditions and can be contrasted with commercial fishing which is the harvesting of wild fish. Mari culture refers to aquaculture  practiced in marine enviroments. Particular kinds of  aquaculture include fish farming shrimp farming sandworm farming oyster farming alga culture such as seaweed farming and the cultivation of ornamental fish.On particular methods  includen aquaponics hydro ponics which integrates fish farming and plant farming...

bank fishing

Bank fishing:
Banks are the plate on the continental shelves. These banks have a no.of advantages for being popular as most suitable fishing areas. Nearest to coast negligible traffic and pollution provision of photosynthesis for plankton growth and bulk fishing are some of them .
Some important banks famous for commercial fishing:
The Agulhas bank is a board shallow part of the southern African Continental shelf which extends  250 km. It is the ocean region where the warm Indians oceans And cold Atlantic ocean meet. And, meeting of the oceans here also fuels the nutrients cycles for marine life making it one off the best fishing grounds in south Africa.
The dogger bank is a large bank with sand floor in a shallow area if the north sea about 100 km off the east coast of England. It extends over approximately 17,600sq.km with its dimension being about 260 km long and up to 98 km board. It is a product fishing bank with cod and herring being caught in large nu!ers. This bank has  been identified as an oceanic environment that exhibits high primary productivity throughout the year in the form of phytoplankton.

deep sea fishing

Deep sea fishing:
Deep sea fishing or off shore is generally considered to  be that which takes place where water is close to 100 feet deep or when a boat is not easily visible from shore. This definition includes more commercial fishing. In the world there are several key regions were deep sea fishing is most popular. The coastal region of new England includes areas off Connecticut, Massachusetts and Maine as major deep sea fishing. Likewise  south Caroline and Florida offer warmer waters on a America  eastern shore. The gulf of mexico is another major destination accessible from texas . Many species can be caught while deepn sea fishing including tuna,marlin,sailfish,mahi-mahi  dolphin fish, striped bass,haddrock,barracuda,snapper,salmon,shark,bluefish,and many more.!!!!!
Many different types boat are used in deep sea fishing. As an rules they are  larger than boats used for fishing in rivers or on lakes since they must travel greater distance and stand up to more servere conditions. Navigation system and sziable storage tanks for the latrge fish that might be caught are common equipment on deep sea fishing sea...

world population

World population:
The world population is the sum of all humans on the earth. The united States census bureau (uscb) estimates that the world population exceeded 7 billion on march 12 2012. The world's population is growing by nearly 80 million people per year. While population growth rates have slowed since THIER peak in  the 1960s the number being added to population each year continue to be huge in part because of the growth in the number of people of reproductive age. At current rates of birth and death the world population is oin a trajectory to double in 49 years.
Basic Definition & Terminologies:
Demography:
The study of population statistics and trend such as birth death and age structure.
Birth rate or Crude birth date:
The number of live birth per 1000 individuals annually within a population.
Death rate or Crude date rate:
The number of death perb1000 individual annually within a population.
Growth rate:
The number of person added to oor subtracted from a population in a year due to natural increase and net migration expressed as a percentages of the populations at the beginning of the time pere.
Or
The average annual percent change in the population resulting from a sulphur or deficitvof birth over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative.
Growing rate=birth%-death% +or -net migration.

OPEC

OPEC:

The organization of the petroleum countries founded In September 1960 in Baghdad Iraq. The founder members were Iran Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Now in 2012 the twelve countries associated with this organization are Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran ,Iraq, Kuwait,Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the united Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. OPEC has had is headquarters in bieena since 1965 and hosts regular meetings among the oil minister of its member countries. Indonesia withdraw in 2008 after it became a net importer of oil.

OPEC was found to unify and coordinate members petroleum policies. One of the principal goals is the determination of the best means of ensuring the stabilization of prices imn international oil markets with a view to eliminating harmful and unnecessary fluctuations giving due to regards at all time to the interest of the producing nations and to the necessity of securing a steady income to the producing countries an efficient and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations and a fair return on their capital to those investing in the petroleum industry.

According too current estimates more than 80% of the world proven oil reserves are located in OPEC member countries with the bulk of OPEC oil reserves in the recent years for example by adopting best practices in the industry realizing intensive exploration and enhancing recoveries. As a result OPEC 's proven oil reserves currently stand at 1,199.71 billion barrels.

classifications of environment

Classification of environment:
Natural environment:
All living and non living things that occur naturally on The earth and the conditions of whether and climate.
Physical environment:
Physical environment describes the stuff the earth is made from and how it behaves aganiag and in favour of human activity it includes complete ecological units that function as natural system without massive human intervention including all flora funa soil rocks atmosphere and natural phenomena that occur with in THIER  boundaries.
Flora:
All the plant life an particular region or period or 
The complete system of vegetables species growing without cultivation in a given locality region or period.
Types of flora:
Forest: A forests is an area with a high density of trees. There are many definition of a forest based on the various criteria. Forests cover approximately 9.4% of the earth surface or 30% of total land area though once covered much more about 50% of the total land area.
Grassland:
Grassland are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous non woody plants. Grassland occur naturally on all continent expect Antarctica.!!!!