pakistan railway

PAKISTAN RAILWAY;
Rail services in pakistan are provided by the state run pakistan under the supervision of the ministry of railway the headquarter situated at lahore.It sis commonly referred to as the life line of the country by aiding in large scale movement of people and freight throughout pakistan.Pakistan railways carry 75 million passengers annually and daily operate 228 mail, express and passenger trains.Pakistan railyways also operate special trains for various occasions.The fregiht busniess unit with 12000 personal operates over 200 freight stations on the railway network.The FBU serves the port of karachi and port qasim as well as in various other stations along the network and generates revenue from the movement of agricultural industrial and imported products such as wheat,coal,fertilizer,cement, and sugar.About 39% of the revenue is generated from the transportation of petroleum 19% from the imported wheat,fertilizer, and rock phosphate.The remaining 42% is earned from domestic traffic.The freight rates structure is based on market trends in road transport which is the main competitior to rail transport...

motorways of Pakistan

Motor ways of Pakistan:
Pakistan's motorways are part of Pakistan's national trade carridor project,which aims to link Pakistan's three Arabian Arabian Sea ports Karachi port port qasim and gwadar port to the rest of the country and further north with Afghanistan central Asia and China.
The Motorways of Pakistan are a network of high speed limited access or controlled access highways in Pakistan's which are owned maintained and operated federally by Pakistan's national highway authority.
Total length:As of December 2011 operational motorways in Pakistan's had a combined length of 679.5 km with another 278 km construction. Another 1,200 km of motorways and expressways are planned. Over the next 10 years 2022.
Silent features of motorways:
Lanes. Either 6 lanes with all 4 lanes motorways up gradable to 6 lanes as traffic on them increases.
Speed limit. 100 km/h for heavy transport vehicles and 120 km/h for light transport vehicles.
Separation limit. Pakistan's motorways have a UN broken central raised concrete median and grade separated junctions.
Access. Access to Pakistan motorways is restricted to fast moving vehicle only, including high performance heavy bikes. Pedestrian, bicycle, low performance motorcycle, animal driven carriages and other slow moving vehicle are not permitted on the motorways.
Fence covering. The motorways are fenced on either side for safety and prevention of unauthorized access by pedestrians, animals and slow moving vehicles.
Entry. There are a no of interchange points are the only points from where vehicles can enter or exit the. Motorway. These controlled interchange points are the only points from the where vehicle can enter exit the motorway.
Numbering. All motorway in Pakistan are pre fixed with the letter M for motorway followed by the unique numerical designations of the specific motorways..
The M-1 motorway Peshawar- Islamabad and the M-2 motorways Islamabad- Lahore each include two emergency runway section of 9,000 ft,length each.
Import motorways: 
M-1 Islamabad Peshawar motorway.     135km long.
M-2 Lahore Islamabad motorway.      333km long.
The first motorway to be built in South Asia.
M-3 pindi battian Faisalabad. 54 km long.
M-9 super high way not yet in status.        138 km.long.
M-10 Karachi northern bypass.        57km long
The M-10 is the second shortest motorways in Pakistan's the shortest being M-3
The M-10 is actually a bypass diverging outbound traffic away from the Karachi and is the only by pass in Pakistan given the status of a motor way.
M-10 is Pakistan longest bypaas.
International Road Movement passengers:
Quetta Zahidan, Quetta mashad, gwadar zahidan. Iran.
Peshawar jalabad, Peshawar Kabul. Afghanistan.
Lahore Delhi muzaffarabad Srinagar. India...!!!! 

makran coastal highway

MAKRAN COASTAL HIGHWAYS;
Makran coastal highways is a 653 km-long coastal highway was awarded along pakistan's arabian sea coastline.It runs primarily through balochistan between karachi and gwadar passing near the port towns of omara and pasni.
The construction contract for the makran coastal highways was awarded to pakistan's frontier works organization FWO, which built the karakoram highways.
Construction work pn the makran coastal highway project commenced in 2002 and was completed by 14 december 2004 in a period of three years.
The official and technical designation of the makran coastal highway is N-10.
The makran coastal highways was conceived and built by the goverment of pakistan with the following objectives.
to developinfrastructure  and boost economic activity in the areas along pakistan's coastline
to improve the transportation and communications infrastructure in balochistan province.
to developed the coastal towns of ormara pasniand gwadar into major port cities.
to link ormara and pasni and gwadar with the rest of pakistan's national highways network
to developed the seafood industry along paksitan's coastline by reducing the ttime and costs involved in tranporting fresh seafood from seafood catchment areas to major cities in pakistan as well as export processing zones in karachi and gwadar.
STRATEGIC HIGHWAYS;
A strategic highways is a highways which is specially constructed for rapid and smooth movement ofarm forces and logistics.
STRATEGIC HIGHWAYS OF PAKSITAN;
S-1 extends from gilgit to skardu
S-2 extends from kohala to muzzaffarabad
S-3 extends from muzzaffarabad to chakothi

highways

MAJOR HIGHWAYS;
N-5 pakisyan highways     the longest and oldest high ways of pakistan
route         karachi, lahore, peshawar, torkham
the lahore peshawar section is known as GT or grand trunk road.
total length of n-5 1819 km1021 in punjab 671 km in sindh and 127 km in kpk.
N-55 indus highway total length 1,250 km designed to provide a shorter alternative to the n-5 national highway of 1,819 km 
karachi to peshawar via kotri, shikarpur,dera ghazi khan, and kohat
N-10 extends along  the arabian seacoat from karachi to gwadar also known as makran coastal highways.Total length =653km
N-25 extends from karachi to chaman via bela, khuzdar, kalat, and quetta.
also known as RCD highways.Total length =813 km
N-35 karakoram highway is the historic silk route with a length of 806 km
KARAKORAM HIGHWAYS;

KKH is the highest paved international road in the world.It connects china and pakistan across the karakoram mountain range through the khunjerab pass at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft.It connects china's xinjiang region with the pakistan gilgit baltistan and also serves as a popular tourist attraction.Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions in which it was constructed it also referred to as the eight wonder of the world within china officially it is called china national highway G314.Owing largely to the extremly sensitive state of the kashmir conflict between india and pakistan the karakoram highway has strategic and military importance......

transport

ROADS IN PAKISTAN;
Total length of roads in pakistan.        259,618 Kms
high type;                     179290 Kms
low type                         80328 Kms
total length of highways          8845 Km  17 national highways
total lengthof motorways          2744 Km 10 motor ways.

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS OF PAKISTAN;
Pakistan's has a nation wide system of national high ways district from the motorways which are currently being built.The national for manging 17 national highways 10 motorways and all the strageic roads.The speed limit on the national highways is 80 kilometers/hours.
National highways often begin with the letter N followed by two numerals, e.g. N-55.
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY;NHA
In 1978 goverment of pakistan GoP decided to federalize important inter provincial roads named national highways and created the national highways board.for monitoring the development and maintenance of these federalize roadsby provincial highways of departments.
The national highways authority NHA was created in 1991 through an act of the parliament for planning development opreation repair and maintenance of national highways and strategic roads.It is commited to provide a safe modern and efficent transportation system.Total length of the federalized roads under NHA now stands at 8780KMs account for 3% of the entire road network and 75% of the coomercial road traffic in the country.
NHA is custodian  of the highway assets  of paksitan's road network.It is the primer road managment and regulatory agency responsible for managing 17 national highways 10 motorways and all the stragic roads of pakistan.The main difference between the two is that unlike motorways national highways are not controlled access or limited access.The national highways authority NHA enables firms currently opreating on the system to ship goods more cheaply as trucks can reach destinatios without major delays and to improve service as delivery schedules become more reliable.Subsequently more timely and reliable deliveries allow firm located on or near the national highway routes to minimize their stationary inventories thereby saving inventory and storage costs and enhancing productivity.Collectively this translates into higher productivity.Collectively thid translates into higher productivity for the nation as a whole.....

transportation

TRANSPORTATION IN PAKISTAN;
Transportation in pakistan is extensive and varied but still in its developing stages and serving a population of over 187 million people.The construction of new airports, roads, and railway lines has led to an employment boost in country.Much of pakistan's road network National Highways and railway network were built before 1947,mainly during the british rule.In recent years new national highways have been built with the addition of motorways which has accelerated trade and logistics within the country.Airports and seaports have been built within the last 30 years with the addition of foregin and domesstic funding.
A region's industrial and employment base is closely tied to the quality of the transportation system.Good,dependable transportation infrastructure allows busniess to recive inputs to production facilities and transport finished goods to market in an efficient manner.An efficent transportation systems allows companies to lower transportation costs,which lowers production costs and enhances productivity and profits.The transport sector accounts for 10.5% of pakistan's  GDP.
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION IN PAKISTAN;
1.In land rail and road 
2. water.and 
3. air

IN LAND;
rail
domestic
international
road
domestic 
international.
WATER;
international
AIR;
domestic
international
THE ROLE OF ROADS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAKISTAN;
Roads are vital links to transport pepole and goods efficently to the desired destination in the most conveninent way.
Roads serve as regional markets promoting and internal and external trade by linking  karachi port to large inland markets.
Roadsd serve major population centre international border crossing ports airports and major destination..
Roads promote industrial growth by suppling raw material to the industriesand manufactured goods to the markets.They allow the development of industrial estates on its routes.
Roads provide faster safe and economical meansof transport to people with out difficulty and travel easily.
Roads enhance socual welfare of the people by providing them basic amenities of life in the most convenient way.
Perishable and high value goods can be carried easily on roads without any difficulty or inconvenience.......

industries

THE USA; 
The rise of the steel industry in the united states drove america's  growth as a world economic power.Although iron works had been established in the north american colonies shortly after european settelment began,it wasn't until the 19th century when technological advances decerease the cost and increased the quality that steel manufacturing became a dominant industry.
With the abundant iron ore deposits around lake superior the rich coal veins of pennsylvania and the easy access to cheap water transportation routes on the great lakes the midwest became the centre of american heavy industry.In years after the civil war the  american steel industry grew with astonishing speed as th nation's economy expanded to becomethe largest in the world.
MAJOR AREAS:
pittsburgh regions.It is the iron and steel capital of the world.
lake michigan region here chicago is the centre of industries.
briminham region,for this region iron ore is imported from  venezuela.
the mid atlantic region.For this region ore is imported from venezuela,brazil,chile,spain,liberia, and north africa.
the western states.Here the main the industry is shipbuilding.....

availability of water and large tracts of land

AVAILABILITY OF WATER AND LARGE TRACTS OF LAND;
Water is required for cooling and washing.Thus the neaness to a river lake or s coastal site has necessary for the industry .Large tracts of level land are also necessary for the iron and steel work as the various operation connected with the production of iron and steel cannot be carried on in a limited area.For example the steel mill of karachi covers an area of 18,623 acres of land.
TRANSPORTATION FACILITY;
Easy transport is required for moving bulky and cheap raw materials such as iron,ore,coal and limestone and for moving out the heavy manufactured good.
MARKET;
The producers of the iron and steel industry are the raw material for a number of subsidiary industries such as machine tools.Railway  equipments engineering  goods electrical goods and transport equipments etc.For the development of iron and steel industry subsidiary idustries are essential.
Energy/power; chapter-07unit-01 Coastal location; chapter-07 unit-01.
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION;
Iron production is predominately in asia australiasia and north america.China had a production of 683million tons and japan's is 108 million tons.The US produces 86 million tons for others see the table.
The main producers are MEDCs but there is an increasing number of LEDCs e.g. china,india and brazil.This is due to cheap labour and more modern efficient factories.Markets are moving to LEDCs so factories are built nearer to them..
CHINA;
China has been the largest steel industries in the world driven by increasing demands for rapid urbanization and many large scale infrastructure project.In 2007 the country produced 495.
Millions tons of crude steel,recording a production growth of 15.7% from the previous year while the chinese consumption of crude steel reached 434.4 million tons rising by 11.9% from the previous year.
Raw material production in china recorded a 2% increase over a period of 110 years.In 2012 china's steel production is expected to touch715 million tons.Despite production production cuts,slackening demand and rising stock china's output for 2012 is expected to be 5.2% up to from 2011.

soils

CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS OF PAKISTAN;
It is aldo true that pakistan's soil can be classified regionally or according to where it is a formed is the country.From that persepective there are the folliowing soil types,
INDUS BASIN SOILS;
The indus plain is made with the depositions of alluvium by the indus river and its tributaries.For the last thoushands of years rivers have been depositing the soil in the form of layers.These soils here more calcium carbonate and less organic matter.These soils are divided into three main categories.
BONGAR SOIL;
These soils are found in the historic indus plain and are the best soils for agriculture in the
 country.Usually they're far from the present day bed of the indus river.
Bongar soils cover a vast area of indus plain.The area includes most of the part of punjab, peshawar,mardan, bannu, and kachhi plain.A major part of the  provinces of sindh is also comprised of these soils.Some of these soils are rich and irrigated give very good production...
KHADDAR SOIL;
This soil found along pakistan's rivers.It formed when every year during flood a new layer of totally clay was deposited.These soils have low content of organic matter and it...
INDUS DELTA SOILS;
These soils cover the river indus delta.Most of these soils are very clayey and were developed under seasonal floodwater.They extend from hyderabad to the south coastal areas.Rice is cultivated as in the major part of these soils.
MOUNTAIN SOILS;
These soils mostly cover the highlands of northern and westernareas of pakistan.The soil of northern mountainous area have high content of organic matters becuase the climate is moist.The soil of western mountainous areas is arid and semi arid.The soil of potwar plateau have high lime content.They are productive when plenty of water is available.
SANDY DESERT SOILS;
These soils are made by the deposition of sand layer by layer after year for thoushands of years.They're found in the arid abd semi arid areas of pakistan.......

lumbering

LUMBERING IN THE FOREST ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA;
Depsite the long active exploitation of the forest on the pacific coast lumbbering is still the outstanding industry of northwestern United States and western canada.The pacific forest contain some on the finest and most useful timbers in the world and are now the leading source of supply for the united states and canada.North of san francisco they cover tremendous area on the slopes of the coast ranges sierra nevda's and cascades and extend as far north has central alaska.A significant advantages of these forest lies in their manner of occurence in thick growing almost pure stands.Valuable species are coniferous softwoods,including the majeistic. Douglas fir which reaches a diameter of 6 feet or more and a height of more than 260 feet.Its strong  durable word of medium weight it to all kinds of constructions.
Methods of logging depend to considerable extent upon the chracter of the timber and climate and physiographic conditions.Logs are skidded to main roadways or railways lines.Nearbly all mills have access to road and rail as well as water transportation.Becuase of the indented coastlined much valuable timber is within a distance of few km of coastal mills...

LUMBERING IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS;
In the region of rocky mountains in canada the united states and their southern extensions in  mexico there are forest of considerable importance.Lumbermen in these forest use all the logging methods employed in the pacific area and in addition various transportation from seemingly inaccessible places.An active market is furnished by the farming population of adjacent plains and plateaus.

LUMBERING IN THE TEMPERATURE FORESTS OF EURASIA;SOFT WOOD FOREST:
Except for coastal marshes and highh moorlands most of europe north of the mediterranean sloped is naturally a forest region.But much of the original forest was cut long ago.As they grow faster than hardwoods, coniferous forest have received much attention.Germany,france, belgium, and denmark are leaders in caring for their forests.Forests in many of these countries are so carefully supervised to prevent excessive cutting that most sawmills are small compared with those in pacific coast forests.These mills reduce wood as much as possible though these forests yield abundant materials under proper utilization import forest products from adjacent areas especially northern europe.

TROPICAL HARD WOODS EQUATORIAL EVERGREEN AND MONSOON FORESTS;
These forests are generally found in the tropical monsoon and equatorial regions of the world.They are ever green bread leaved trees grown in the areas where there is no dry season and heavy rainfalls throught out the year.Due to extremes heat and moisture the growth is dense and luxuriant.Where rainfall is less deciduous forests teak and sail type trees are found some if them are highly valuable......

forest resources

FOREST RESOURCES;

Natural vegetation has been central in human.Becuase it,provides ecosystem services for climate range and forage wildlife habitat,biotic diversity, waershed protection, soil erosion control etc.

The need for greater food production has led to a massive increase in cropland.By early 2010's almost 40 percent of earth's land surface had been converted to croplands and permenant pastures.This conversion has occured largely at the expense of natural vegetation.

NATURAL VEGTATION OF PAKKISTAN;

In pakistan the following vegetation types are reconized.

1. Grassland

2. Desert vegetation

3.Forests.

Of the four forests cover percentage group >70%, 40-69%, 10-39%, 0-9% pakistan lies in the last category;0-9%. Between 1981 and 1990 there had been a 4.3% decrease in forest areas of the tropical asia and oceania which pakistan is a part of.During the same period 0.6% deforestation had been occuring each year. This is an alarming situation and needs to be stopped and then reserved, if possible.

Total forest area under the control of the forest departments including azad kashmir and the northern area is 4.26 million hectares.The per capita forest area is only 0.037 ha compered to the world average of ONE ha.Main reason for this is that more than 70% land area of pakistan is arid and semi-arid with annual rainfall of 250-500 mm; too low and erratic to sustain natural vegetation and to plan afforestation/regeneration progammes.

OF 4.26 million hectares of forest area only 1.12 million hectares 26.3% produce timber and firewood the rest are meant to protect the watershed and erodible lands.

Besides forests the forest departments also control 6.4 million hectaresof rangelands.In fact there are about 51.3million hectares of rangelands in pakistan.These ranges provide sustenance to livesstock population of about 98.6 millions.Being under incessant grazing pressure these land are producing harldy 10-15% of their actual pote,ial iver grazing has intensified the problems of desertification resulting in accelerated soil erosion and degradation of plant communities.

Present the forest area by type and rangelands in pakistan including azad kashmir and the northern areas.......